Nationalism and War Essay - 1087 Words

Nationalism and War Does nationalism have a relationship with the causes of the wars between 1792 and 1914? This can be disputed through the events of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, the unification struggles of Germany and Italy in the late 1800’s, the Alliance systems of the late 1800’s and the assassination of the Austrian archduke before the outbreak of World War 1. During the French Revolution in 1792, an effort was made to remove Austrian presence from French lands. This came about in part because King Louis XVI wanted to seek help from the Austrians to remove the reformers, persuading France to declare war on Austria. The Jacobins were afraid that this war would have an irreversible effect on the Revolution.†¦show more content†¦Many of the wars during this time led to nationalistic feelings in the countries that Napoleon had conquered. This became visible in the resistance of the Spanish and Prussians after Napoleon conquered them. Spain revolted because Napoleon took away the privileges of the nobles and made his brother, who the Spanish considered a foreigner, king. Similarly, during the War of Liberation, patriotic and nationalistic principles led Prussia to revolt against the French invasion. With great patriotism and nationalism, Prussia defeated France in1813. The Napoleonic Wars were not wars of nationalism, but were of one mans dream of being a conqueror. At another time in history, Bismarck was instrumental in the unification of Germany. It was his thirst for expansion and Prussian rule throughout Germany that drove him. It was during the unification of the southern states that nationalism played an essential role. With the help of Austria, Bismarck’s first strike was at Denmark in 1864. Austria only joined in the hope that Schleswig and Holstein would not become part of Prussia. This was a catalyst for the Austro-Prussian war in 1866 that resulted in the defeat of Austria. In agreement, Prussia assumed territorial control over Schleswig and Holstein and other German states. Consequently, this led to the unification of the northern states, leaving Austria out of Prussian affairsShow MoreRelatedEvil nationalism in total war3402 Words   |  14 Pageslike Germany has a very strong nationalism thinking in their mind, which helped them to build up the second largest navy through out the entire Europe and to be more aggressive o n declaring war on other nations. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was a great chance for Germany to test their army, therefore Germany encouraged Austria to declare war on Serbia and claimed that she would provide help if Austria did that. As a result, this led to the beginning of World War I that at the end led to greatRead MoreNationalism As A Cause Of World War I1477 Words   |  6 Pages Nationalism as a Cause of World War I Matthew Moore Ms. Beck Honors World Cultures Period 3 19 May 2017 Nationalism entails the people of a nation â€Å"exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups.† The concept of nationalism, essentially an extremist’s angle to patriotism, fueled the actions of many countries heading into World War I. Before the war, nationalismRead MoreThe World War I Was A Crisis Caused By Imperialism, Nationalism, And Nationalism1501 Words   |  7 PagesFirst World War was definitely a crisis caused by imperialism, nationalism, as well as other things. Between the fighting over government types and the push to colonize every nation that was not under one of the European nations already, it is no wonder war broke out. Each of these causes directly or indirectly led to the powder keg which set off one of the most massive, expensive wars the world had ever seen up until that point. It was the greed and nationalism that set off this war and these ideasRead MoreWorld War I s Nationalism1123 Words   |  5 Pages World War I’s Nationalism Mr. Feddersen Katie Currier February 10, 2016 Nationalism is a feeling that â€Å"people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries† (Simple). Nationalism along with militarism and imperialism caused the internal conflicts in Europe. But Nationalism was the primary cause of the internal conflicts in Europe that became World War I. Europe’s nationalism in the 1800’s was calledRead MoreNationalism and the Origins of World War One910 Words   |  4 PagesNationalism occurs when a race of group of people create an indentity in which they have a love and a loyalty for. This group will have a common factor of race, language, culture or religion. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian Archduke during the time of 1914, sparked off an already existing conflict between Austria and Serbia. The force of Nationalism influenced this conflict between Serbia and Austria due to the nationalistic views of the Serbian people. The conflict that occurredRead MoreThe War of 1812 and Its Effects on American Nationalism2077 Words   |  9 Pagescriteria the years following the War of 1812, otherwise known as the Era of Good Feelings, must be considered a time of exceptional growth and development in the United States, but above all, it may be considered a time of evolution and ripening of American nationalism, unification, and economic prowess. The war of 1812 was a very problematic war. States did not fulfill their duties, while commanders and leaders were not informed or supplied enough to keep up the war. But what awakened during thisRead MoreHow Nationalism Led to World War I817 Words   |  3 PagesBefore World War 1 began there were many conflicts between many countries, these conflicts are what eventually led to the war. Nationalism lead to World War 1 for reasons people believed they needed to fight for their country, many people who weren’t fighting wanted to support their soldiers, and ma ny soldiers felt as if they couldn’t back out of the war. Militarism was a cause because each country was building up their weapons and ammunition, as well as building up their armies. Finally Kaiser WilhelmRead MoreThe Role Of European Nationalism During World War I Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of European Nationalism in World War I World War I, also known as the War to End All Wars, was one of the largest and most well known historical events of the twentieth century lasting from July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918. It was a global war that took place all throughout Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean. Large empires, such as Germany, had a strong sense of nationalism, a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country, often with theRead MoreThe Confederate War : How Popular Will, Nationalism, And Military Strategy1360 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1997, famed Civil War historian Gary W. Gallagher produced a rather extraordinary scholarly work entitled The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and Military Strategy Could Not Stave off Defeat. Throughout the course of his work, Gallagher takes issue with the model put forth by many contemporary historians that the collapse of the Confederacy was more a case of internal decay on the Southern home front rather tha n military defeat on the field of battle. As a persuasive alternativeRead MoreWorld War I Was The Rise Of Nationalism And Imperialism990 Words   |  4 PagesWorld war I had three main causes and the first was the rise of nationalism and imperialism. During the 100-year period of peace, nationalism became popular among the European countries. This lead to the creation of a new power, such as Germany, who began to looking for land in the sun, which caused growing tension in Europe. The spread of nationalism lead to the build up of military strength around Europe and encouraged public support for the military. There was an arms race between France, Russia

A Brother s Murder By Brent Staples And My Father s Life

Families can mean a lot of different things to different people. For some family is everything, just knowing that someone is there for you during a personal crisis to help you and provide you with love is comforting. However, at the same time a family can be heartless and relentless providing you with no comfort, instead just pain and misery. We all can agree that families shape our development and how we view the world. From childhood our thoughts and actions are shaped based on experiences from a sibling or parent that went through them. However, the influence of a family could be positive or negative, whether it is showing us the right side or perhaps making the same mistakes. In literature many writers have been influenced by their families two great examples are â€Å"A Brother’s Murder† by Brent Staples and â€Å"My father’s Life† by Raymond Carver, both writers express in great detail how families have shaped and affected them as individuals. The essay â€Å"A Brother’s Murder† by Brent Staples basically shadows over the life of Brent staples and his younger brother Blake who has lost the battel of the streets to death. Unfortunately Brent’s early years were hard and rough, just southwest of Philadelphia as young boy all he ever faced was depression and violence. Throughout the story Staples tells his readers about many incidents involving guns and stabbings over small situations, which result in changing his opinions about life, opening his mind towards education leading to aShow MoreRelatedLaw and Order Injustice1120 Words   |  5 Pagesdrugs. The news reporters every day file cases of police officers using their power to control and abuse the law by hurting citizens by their image of clothing and color of their skin. In â€Å"A Brother’s Murder† a journalist talks about his experience living in a poor neighborhood and how his brother tragically died in a city of crime. No it does no t mean it is always out in the public there are cases where officers hide what they did and get away with it. The laws support the officers in their favor

A review of McGregors X and Y Free Essays

string(35) " on how the Job needed to be done\." Theory X worker works with a Theory Y worker or a Theory X worker works with a theory Y manager (vise versa) will one of them have an effect on the other, or will things stay the same? Introduction God created everything naturally In this world to work. God asked Adam to mend his garden, asked Noah to build the ark; he created animals to be hunters and gatherers as there Job to survive in this world. Thousands of years later it is still a very natural thing for people to work. We will write a custom essay sample on A review of McGregors X and Y or any similar topic only for you Order Now Humans still naturally wake with the full intent to apply their life to something. It does not have to be the average monotonous daily, but work o humans Is as natural as flying Is to a bird. However, having the natural ability to work does not mean that there are not lazy or hard working people; there are two distinctive types of workers, an â€Å"X† worker and a worker. An â€Å"X† worker is typically a lazy worker, one who dislikes work and will do anything to avoid any obligations or duties. â€Å"X† workers also must be controlled, and given direction in order for them to achieve a performance goal for the day. A Y worker is typically self-directed, they learn to seek and accept responsibility, and have high potential for the work force; though both are still Intended to work. There are also two different types of productivity is essential and getting the most work or productivity out of the day. Style is the participative style. Employees will do the work they have to do with out being told what to do and when to do it. The two theories test the performance experience of employees. If Theory â€Å"X† is represented by worker â€Å"A† who is a bad worker, always late to work, and does an unacceptable work, one can naturally assume that they hate their Job situation or are lazy. If Theory is represented by worker â€Å"B† who is a better worker, never has to be told what to do, shows up on time ND does an outstanding Job around the office, then one can assume that they love their work and would be willing to do anything for their place of business, but if a theory Y manager (vise versa), will one of them have an effect on the other, or will things stay the same? Not everybody is influenced by someone, although people will do what they want considering, human nature is to follow by example almost like a monkey see monkey do. Literature Review In the sass’s, Theorist Douglas, McGregor examined theories to study performance of individual’s interactions and work style between workers at the work place. He designed it with the idea that a workers performance technique is based on motivation and social behavior. â€Å"McGregor Theory X and Theory Y were the foundation of the â€Å"Human Side of Enterprise† (Cunningham). Theory X is based on three core assumptions. â€Å"One, The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if at all possible, Two, Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of equines objectives versus Just personal objectives, and three, the average person prefers to directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above all else (Cunningham). According to Organization Theory: However, in situations where it is possible to obtain commitment to objectives, it is better to explain the matter fully so that employees grasp the purpose of an action. They will then exert self-direction and manage to do better work – quite possibly by better than if they had only been carrying out and order, which they did not fully, understand. Once control becomes persuaded that it is underestimating the potential of its human resources, and accepts the knowledge given by social science researchers and displayed by Theory Y assumptions, then it can invest time, money and effort in developing improved applications of the theory. McGregor realizes that some of the theories he has put forward are unrealizable in practice, but wants managers to put into operations the basic assumption that staff will contribute more to the organization if they are treated as responsible and valued employees (McGregor). McGregor believed Theory X individuals wanted to learn that work was a very natural thing, despite their lazy perspective they wanted to improve self-discipline and self- growth. McGregor believed Theory X employees saw their work as the freedom to try and do tough and challenging work by themselves. The manager’s Job was to try and unite the workers and make them strive for self-development in the business and Theory Y was difficult to enforce in a factory setting or in big warehouse areas. Patricia Travis said, â€Å"Theory Y according to McGregor was conducive to participative problem solving. He believed it was better to describe in full the task or topic at hand so that employees grasped the purpose†(Travis). Theory Y employees would show self-direction and self-control and honestly wanted to do better work and would do better work if they were to do a Job that they understood completely compared to a Job they did not fully understand. Managers found that the participative approach to problem solving showed much better results over the authoritarian order of controlling their employees and constantly nagging them. According to James Nellie who wrote in the Journal of Social Behavior and Personality â€Å"Theory X and Theory Y workers did not differ in their perception of the scenarios. However, additional analysis revealed that Theory X and Theory Y workers differed significantly in their perceptions of the effectiveness of the unethical behaviors portrayed in some of the scenarios† (301-311). The workers would understand the idea of the Job that was needed to be done but would not fully follow through one hundred percent on how the Job needed to be done. You read "A review of McGregors X and Y" in category "Papers" Sometimes it all just depends on how the manger relays the message to the worker and how the worker perceives it. Theory X and Theory Y style management have been a great practice to develop positive management styles and techniques. In the earlier years especially in the first few decades of the 20th century Theory X was dominating the business world and was the lead style to the mechanistic system of scientific management. Tim Handle wrote in the â€Å"Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus† that, â€Å"Theory X is an authoritarian style where the emphasis is on â€Å"productivity, on the concept of a fair days work, on the evils of feather-bedding and restriction of output, on rewards for performance (2003). Several managers are persuaded by the Theory X style but usually receives negative effects. McGregor questioned that management style and decision-making depended on which type of theory worked on their team. McGregor calls the management X theory the â€Å"stick and carrot† method of management. Managers would have to â€Å"police† their staff, and the workers would need to be pressured, scared and disciplined. This created a very frustrating and dark work environment for the managers and the workers. Theory Y assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self-control and will do everything on their own and will finish a Job with out being bribed or threatened. According to Business Destination Theory Y states â€Å"employees actually become more productive when more trust and responsibility is delegated to them† (2012). Y workers want to work, they want to be productive, and the act of accomplishing work and doing it well is a motivator. Y managers go with the flow and Just allow the workers to work. The Y theory stance is in a unique position; it has heightened awareness of management responsibilities for employer-employee relationships. McGregor urged many companies to try and use the Theory Y design or adopt it. McGregor believed it could titivated human beings and bring out their highest potential and help them achieve bigger goals. Theory X only satisfied a large number of the lower level needs and was nowhere near as productive. As stated before, Theory X expresses distrust in employees who are only working for money, or who try to get away by doing as little paycheck and you most certainly can not always be looking over the shoulder of the employees to make sure they are doing there Job correctly. Theory Y employees are almost the dream employee for a manager. Theory Y employees want to work towards a common goal, and they are able to organize themselves. As a manager those are the workers that you want, the one’s that you do not have to baby sit. These studies have shown that there is not one perfect approach to managing a X or Y worker. But from the research one can decide â€Å"the best method all depends on the nature of the work to be done† (Harvard Business Review). After significant research and collected data research has revealed that companies with highly expected tasks will perform better with dignified procedures. With uncertain tasks that require much brain use and problem solving, businesses that are not as organized and do to put a great deal of emphasize on self-discipline and self worth struggle to get the job done. But over all, it all depends on the development of the company and the business that fits the nature of the Job that needs to be done. A worker’s performance can be dependent on a worker’s environment or surroundings. A Theory X worker will apply themselves a fraction more and work a little harder if they are in the right conditions of hard working individuals. (Vise Versa) for the Y worker. If a Y worker is in an atmosphere of sluggish, not really wanting to work people they can potentially follow in those footprints. It is human nature to follow by example. This is why leadership is necessary. Leadership needs to take a stand to help fix and figure out problems a team may have. If a manager has three X workers and eight Y workers then the manager knowing that there is an impact on one worker from another should find a way to intermingle the works to keep them on and track hard working. If the X worker, works with the Y worker long enough eventually there should be some improvements. And of course this goes the other way as well, but a company wants the best results not the worst. So a company should not have their best errors, working with the worst workers. Methodology Twenty Graduate Level students enrolled in a Organizational Behavior class at a Liberal Arts University participating in two fifteen question surveys. Most of the students are from a varied educational background but all had at least a Bachelors degree, and all understood the theory being tested. The first of the two surveys was to indicate weather the situation and management style is the â€Å"X† or style and to find out how they would handle the situation. The second survey was to indicate whether the person prefers being managed by the â€Å"X† or style. Once figuring out who is an â€Å"X† and who is a the data will be analyzed and then each candidate will be separated into there respected category they belong to. Once the survey takers are separated into there respected category I will use these two surveys to try and prove if a Theory X worker works with a Theory Y worker or a Theory X worker works with a theory Y manager (or vise versa) will one of them have an effect on the other, or will things stay the same? I will look at all of the results and see if their answers lead towards them being affected by the other work or not. The information will be seed to see if they need a little extra push from the people around them or if they can handle most tasks with out having to be nagged and rode the whole time by a boss or someone one on the management team. In analyzing all of the surveys and calculating all of the results several re-occurring themes surfaced and proved many things to be true. In the event of trying to prove if a person was an X or Y worker seventy five percent of the survey takers said that they were Y workers. This is something that was assumed from a graduate level class at a prestigious university; one can figure that most, if not all, would be self-disciplined, ND hard working individuals. Of the 20 survey takers only twenty five percent were considered X workers. Of the twenty people surveyed on whether or not they preferred the X or Y management style not a single individual preferred the X management style, including the X style workers. The results showed a large number of different results as expected, but the results were about what one would expect. But with these results my hypothesis was unanswered. Of the twenty people that were surveyed five of them were X style workers and 1 5 of them were Y style workers. Of the twenty people that were surveyed, all of them preferred the Y style management. After reviewing the surveys and the most prominent themes were established the tasks of understanding the monkey see monkey do attitude between X and Y workers and X and Y managers was unclear. The surveys, although showing who were X and Y worker showed that the X workers preferred the Y style management. This shows that a person who needs a little push or a little more observation on the work floor can potentially learn or adapt better with a Y style manager. But at the same time the survey showed that even a Y style worker if paired with a X style manager or a X style worker can forget their Y style ways. It all Just depends on the individual person and there work style. With a better population of people taking the survey more facts and findings can be found, but with my test subjects and the surveys that they took these are the results found and help support my theory. Discussion McGregor believed that, workers wanted to work and that they would act like mature adults, and actually wanted to do what was best for the company. McGregor also believed that if management with a intended instructions explained things intended, the worker would do what was necessary, and likely, employees would collaborate without being intimidated. McGregor knew that many of his suggestions would be really hard to adapt to, maybe even near impossible to apply to the work place, but McGregor believed that when people, or staff, or any type of worker is treated with respect and treated like a worker rather than a trained monkey that the workers would give more and work harder and give as close to one hundred percent as they could. Limitations One limitation to this study could be that only small portions of people surveyed and, with the majority of these people being in their early twenties could these individuals have enough life experience and work experience to know exactly how to answer the questions. If the survey had encompassed a broader range of the American population, the results may have been different. Since Management Theory X is an older style maybe the older generation or the baby boomer generation may prefer that form of management a little more. Also with the older generation most where Generation Y is considered a little more lazy and not as self motivated. Generation Y may prefer the Y style management but is actually an X style worker. Another limitation to this study is the selection of survey participants. The survey participants were not selected randomly but used because they could immediately o the survey. The survey takers may have had previous knowledge of the theory, which could have effect the outcome. If the survey population had been selected randomly, there would have been a number of people surveyed who were not educated on the theory or not aware of the concepts. Knowledge of the concepts may have survey the takers to answer a certain way therefore creating different results. Despite these possible limitations, the results still stand and have many applications to practice and research and were still used to find answers Conclusion Though Theory X and Theory Y are basic and easy to understand, they provide a path or the future theorist and other people that want to study the nature of how people work and understand the changing world of human behavior with large amounts of information and research. The Theory was easy to study and understand, and it also allowed data collection to be Just as simple. From the above data, and of the students surveyed they preferred the Y work style but all had a preference towards Theory Y than Theory X management style. Even though the data shows one thing it may not technically have a significant, positive relationship between the overall outcomes or hat there is even a monkey see monkey do attitude. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research paper is not confirmed. How to cite A review of McGregors X and Y, Papers

Do Science And Technology Provide A Solid free essay sample

Base For Technocracy Essay, Research Paper To reply this inquiry one must first understand that every politico-economic political orientation, like every spiritual belief, proclaims that it has the one true philosophy and that all others are wholly different or at opposite terminals. In most cases persons join in voluntary association to move upon those sentiments, thoughts or beliefs which they hold in common. These sentiments, thoughts or beliefs may or may non be based on facts and hence most end with black consequences. However one time thoughts have crystallized into organized action small inquiry is raised to their feasibleness or conformity to fact. Conclusively the aim of the group is either ab initio or finally the consequence of via media being either really limited or really general in range. This explains the ineffectualness of the emotional attack and the political generalization does non adequately specify the undertaking. The terminal consequence is the devising of a mountain out of a molehill where the accent is on the hyperbole and reduplication of minor differences while disregarding what they have in common. We will write a custom essay sample on Do Science And Technology Provide A Solid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Technocracy partakes one individual component in that it is dependent on the voluntary association of persons moving upon certain thoughts upon which they are in understanding. Relatively it differs from all other societal motions since its common thoughts are non the consequence of philosophic understanding. Technocracy does in fact in theory demand scientific discipline and engineering to be based upon, but it is this scientific discipline and engineering that the public overlooks and assumes it as engineered engineering. Ideas of technology are in fact in our castanetss and portion of human nature and experience ( Petroski foreword ) . This statement by Petroski is the really footing of technocracy. With it one can claim that No, Science and Technology do non supply a base for Technocracy yet to be a technocrat is to be human. If we consider democracy or any other philosophy and compare it with this announcement so we may reason that one in their mundane life is more disposed to be a technocrat so a Democrat ( Petroski 16 ) . Technology and Engineers, we may presume include each single and each thought that lends itself to the productive slope in the life style of persons. Therefore embracing non merely scientists and applied scientists but besides instructors and experts in sections that are remotely necessary for the operation of a societal norm. O Ne may reason upon the failures of applied scientists and expansionists in the field of engineering throughout history but overlook the successes. Yet these successes and the convenience that these enlargements provide, argues Petroski are deserving endeavouring into sing the hazard associated with them when one weighs the retardation society would be faced with, had these enlargements non been made ( Petroski 61 ) . The prostration of the Mianus River Bridge in Connecticut can be called a fiasco of technology designs, every bit good as the Hyatt Regency Walkways and all other catastrophes ( Petroski 94-97 ) and without a uncertainty they were. But when one looks at the unmarked defects in the design it is non difficult to asseverate a degree of duty to the user, the operator and the client of the engineering. The defects in the design engineer us towards a better solution ( Petroski 57 ) . Should we compare this state of affairs to an socio-economic debacle much like the recent clang of the Indonesian economic system, it would put the incrimination of a catastrophe towards the system in power, the democracy and the apparatus of the economic establishment. This and any other political failure would take us to presume that states based on administration that are plutocratic in nature should be dismantled and reassembled following a successful lineation for a authorities as any building based on su dden failed designs should be reconstructed ( Graham 81 ) . Science and Technology are in fact the designs upon which Technocracy bases itself. They are the loaning hands to this new societal order subverting the antediluvian signifier of Politico-Economic regulation over society by the plutocrats. The systems waste of unreplaceable natural and human resources, of air and H2O pollution and worse debasement to these resources to follow, offer no option. The functional population of the universe are non needfully trained to state people what to make though. The growing of technocracy has followed of course upon the formation of common thoughts based on facts. Growth by such methods has been slow but it has been a selective procedure that will guarantee a rank of the type required. The American Nation was founded on the premise that every adult male has the right to life, autonomy and the chase of felicity. Technocracy amplifies this original purpose and bases it on the demand to prosecute that in which we are of course as human existences incli ned, technology ( Petroski foreword ) .

Researchers Ethical Failures

Reflection The importance of ethics in research has caused many professional associations, government agencies, and research dependent institutions to come up with strict standards in fostering an ethical practice among members and affiliates. These are extensions to legal rules governing behavior and ethical norms.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Researchers’ Ethical Failures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethical actions can be legal or they can be illegal. When looking at an ethics problem, it is often necessary to pick a perspective that will help in the comprehension of the problem. Perspectives can be ecological, political, economic, or ethical. In research, norms play a crucial role in defining and safeguarding ethical practices. They endorse the objectives of research, which can include verity and avoidance of error. Research should stay clear of fabricated processes and results. It must be pro ne to moral conflicting circumstances because it is a process of cooperation and coordination with various people. Consequently, proper research that adheres to ethical standards must be fair, mutually respect researchers and participants, as well as practitioners, and show accountability (Hartman DesJardins, 2014). Three ethical failures Soutphommasane (2014) gives an example of a research that aimed to evaluate the teachings of empathy in a medical school. The research was replicating conditions observed in America, in a group of participants in Britain. Conducted in 2009, the study wanted to see how students react when they are subject to discrimination. However, for it to work, it demanded that participants assume certain stereotypical, racial norms, such as viewing all white people as racist. There was uproar among participants. Many objected to the identification of people against their identities or their personal preferences. Many of the participants expressed concern that the researchers were exceeding the limits of moral inquiry. The value of the experiment was dismissed on ethical grounds. It was not appropriate for the researchers to subject participants to actual feelings of racism, as either victims or perpetrators.Advertising Looking for article on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It caused the research subjects to do something against their will, thus the research failed to move past the data collection exercise.  A second example of ethical failure by researchers comes from a report by Tabor (2014) about a nurse who coached people to die. First, researchers must understand that life is sacred and there is an ongoing debate on the morality of assisted death. In this case, Judith Schwarz, who was a veteran nurse, researched on what patients had done to end their lives and then made unsolicited experiments on the method of providing alternative ways to die. Her patients trusted he r by the virtue of being a veteran nurse. However, the patients did not know that they were subjects of an ongoing research that the nurse was doing on voluntary death by starvation. Here, the nurse provided an essential service of assisted death to needy patients, but she crossed the line held by many practitioners on the morality of assisted death. Interestingly, the practice was a product of a dissertation on self-dehydration that she had conducted. The problem is that some patients are diagnosed with terminal illness, but they have years to live and there is no apparent body governing the procedures of the research. A third example is by Cressey (2013), who reports about the exposure of hundreds of patients to potential harm as they take part in clinical trials. Researchers working on treatment trials release the findings, but only those that support a given treatment are supported and published. Consequently, many research papers can demonstrate the failures of trial medication s, but they do not feature anywhere for future researchers to consult. The report by Cressey (2013) refers to the problem as a failure to honor the ethical contract. Patients have a right to know that there are potential dangers in their use of unconfirmed medications. One ethical obligation of researchers is to publish their findings so that participants are aware of what took place during the study and why it took place. Failure to release findings is akin to robbing the study’s utility that those who joined were hoping to gain.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Researchers’ Ethical Failures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Cressey, D. (2013). ‘Ethical failure’ leaves one-quarter of all clinical trials unpublished. Web. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. (2014). Business ethics, decision-making for personal integrity and social responsibility (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw H ill. Soutphommasane, T. (2014). Walk in another’s shoes? Reflections on empathy power and priviledge. ABC. Web. Tabor, N. (2014). The nurse coaching people through death by starvation. The Daily Beast. Web. This article on Researchers’ Ethical Failures was written and submitted by user Allison H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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The England Invasion of 1066 Essays

The England Invasion of 1066 Essays The England Invasion of 1066 Essay The England Invasion of 1066 Essay The England Invasion of 1066 and the Significance In the year 1066 AD a dispute over the succession to the English throne occurred, because of a very unique situation. Edward the Confessor the King of England (1042-1066) died without any children to claim his throne.Moreover, because of this unique incident three people made claim to the English throne. This would cause a historical event, in 1066AD, the Norman Invasion and conquest of England. Earl Harold Godwinson made a claim to the throne. One reason was Harold and Edward became brothers-in-law when the king married Harolds sister. Harolds powerful position, as an earl and his relationship to Edward and his support among his peers made him an understandable successor to the throne. His claim was also, strengthened when the dying Edward supposedly expressed that he had chosen Edward as the next King. In addition; the Witan a council of royal advisors, unanimously selected Harold as King. His coronation t ook place the same day as Edward was buried. It is said part of the reason why the Witan quickness in choosing Harold was because of a fear that another invasion from Norway would occur. Which lead to the second rival of a second possible claim. Harold Hardrada, King of Norway ruled Norway jointly with his nephew Magnus until 1047 when Magnus died. In 1042 AD, Magnus had made a deal with Harthacut the Danish ruler of England. Since neither ruler had a male heir, both promised their kingdom to the other if either died without a child. Harthacut died but Magnus was never able to pursue his claim to the English throne because he was too busy battling for the rule of Denmark. Edward became the Anglo-Saxon King of England. After his death and since Magnus was already dead Hardrada alleging that he, as Magnuss successor, was the rightful ruler of England.Hardrada immediately prepared to invade England and destroy the illegitimacy of Harold, when he heard of the coronat

Floodgates of litigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Floodgates of litigation - Essay Example Thus, there is some eminent fear that giving certain ruling in some cases has the likelihood of opening floodgates of litigation, which may overwhelm the courts and thus affects their efficiency, owing to the fact that there are still many cases and issues pending in courts, which have not been resolved yet1. However, this issue is controversial, since there is a feeling that; considering the aspect of opening floodgates of litigation while making legal determinations is unjustifiable. This is because, such a consideration is not part of the interpretation of the law, which is the prime function of the courts that separates them from the other arms of the government, so that they can act independently in interpreting the law2. Therefore, this discussion seeks to investigate why courts are concerned about floodgates of litigation, with a view to assessing where within the tort of Negligence, an evidence of this concern can be identified. The advocates of the concept of the floodgates of litigation argues that if a court takes certain course of action, it is likely to lead to a dramatic increase in legal litigations, which may affect the courts ability to discharge its duties. This is because; the court may not even be able to address other cases effectively due to the unmanageable number of litigations3. On the other hand, the critics of the concept of floodgates of litigation observes that making such a consideration while giving a legal determination is against the mandate of the courts, since there is no evident principle that provides for the courts to consider workload as a factor, while making a legal determination2. ... There are certain clauses of the law that seem to be so much ambiguous, so that their truthful interpretation becomes impossible4. Such clauses are vivid in their definition of terms, or provision of remedies, that the judges cannot apply them with certainty while determining cases. In the cases of such confusing rules, there are chances that giving a certain interpretation of such clauses would pave a way for further parallel interpretations, which would see many cases introduced to the courts, based on the same or the parallel interpretations made5. In this respect, it becomes necessary to invoke the concept of floodgates of litigation by the judges, so that they can prevent the occurrence of parallel interpretations and the consequent dramatic increase in the number of cases filed with the courts, based on such interpretations. It is upon this observation that a judge can look into the effect of giving a certain legal determination, and thus decide to forfeit it, based on the fact that it may lead to the introduction of an overwhelming number of cases to the courts. The second circumstance, under which the courts may be compelled to invoke the concept of floodgates of litigation, is under situation s where the provisions of the law are overly broad6. There are certain clauses of the law that can be interpreted so widely, that the interpretation will encompass some elements that contrasts previous interpretations, or gives new interpretations of the law that had not been applied previously. In case of an overly broad clause which leads to a contrasted interpretation with preceding legal interpretations, chances are high that the parties involved in such

Analysis of a movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of a movie - Essay Example is an art of making motion pictures, encompasses different criteria or qualities by which its aesthetic quality can be evaluated depending on the person viewing it. Thereby, its classification as a beautiful film depends on the subjective nature of the person who viewed it. It is in this regard that this essay is written to present an analysis of Rain Man in terms of addressing the following questions: (1) keeping in mind what you have learned in class thus far about literary elements, what does this movie mean to you? (2) What is this movie really about? (3) Is there a "moral to the story," a theme to be explored, or comment to think about? (4) What is the point of the movie? And (5) did you find this movie meaningful for you personally? Why or why not? Rain Man is a movie an uplifting experience through the spectacular performance of the actors, both Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise. For me, it is one of the best movies I have seen and have continued to remember so far due to the theme and the characters of the movie. The most critical factors that qualify a film or movie as good in my own conviction are as follows: (1) a good plot (or the content of the story), (2) the quality and choice of casts, (3) genre, (4) excellent audio visual quality, (5) cinematography (or the form which is the actual beauty of fine art) and (6) moral or message of the story. Contemporary films do not necessarily comply with the standards of aesthetic quality despite the developments and utilization of technology to apply special effects. In fact, according to Osider (2009), â€Å"lately, the blockbuster has fallen into the habit of replacing beautiful form with thrills. These films contain mainly shallow themes and impressive special effects. The audience might like the film, but again that does not make it a good one.† An aesthetically crafted film should show a good quality that not only entertains but inspires. The content and form combine beautifully to create film art. Osider

Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing Essay

Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing - Essay Example And the methods used to apply knowledge can be differed according to the convenience and particularity of the situations. Nursing is both a profession and a discipline nursing as field profession is a practice and when we consider it as knowledge it is a discipline. There are a number of theories advocated by scientists. Theories are definitely the backbone of any discipline and nursing is no exception here. Here I would like to make a brief explanation on the components of theory. Theory consists concepts that are inevitable for practice guidance. Nursing theories are formed out of concepts, definitions assumptions with or without the help of other disciplines or derived from different particular instances; and there are a number of inter- relationships made between them for predicting, explaining and prescribing things (Nursing Theories: An Overview). Theories universally contain concepts, prepositions, metaparadigm, philosophies and conceptual models. Concepts are occurred in mind as ideas on a phenomenon. This is an intellectual process through intuition. They indicate and signify ideas observations or experiences. For instance, relief can be an idea in nursing. Concepts can be useful in creating knowledge on phenomena. These concepts also are supported by constructs. Generally concepts are of three kinds; empirical, inferential and abstract. A statement of relationship between two concepts are said to be prepositions. Structural holarchy of contemporary nursing knowledge include components like metaparadigm, conceptual models, theories, and empirical indicators and their level of abstraction differs; and concepts and propositions are the important to explain a theory (Lesson, 2.1) There are several theories of nursing used by the practitioners today; and those theories are grouped into divisions according to the nature and functions of the theory. Nursing theories can be classified from different categories. Depending on its function it can be divided into four namely, descriptic, explanatory, predictive and perspective. Based on generalisability of their principles they are divided into Meta theory and grand theory. Middle range theory and practice theory are the third one based on the principles of the discipline. Looking from the stand point of philosophy, it can be needs theories, interaction theories, outcome theories and humanistic theories. But the important classification is into grand theories and middle range theories. Prominent among the theories today are Orland nursing theory, Newman theory, Parse theory, Peplaun Theory and Watson Theory. There are also theories called borrowed, which are adopted from other disciplines. Grand theories are the most abstract in nature. Grand theories are instrumental in making nursing as a science. Grand theories are built up on concepts and propositions that are less abstract. These theories are difficult to be practiced in daily nursing tasks. On the other hand middle range theory is mor e concrete. Middle range theories are originated from conceptual models directly. So, they are very much useful in current nursing practice. Middle range theories are of high middle level, middle- middle level and low middle level. 2. The meaning of metaparadigm of nursing? A metaparadigm is considered to be the way to describe concepts that concern any profession or domain. This concept was firstly introduced in early 1970’s.

Money Makes The World Go Round English Literature Essay

Money Makes The World Go Round English Literature Essay The quotation money makes the world go round was first used in a musical play Cabaret, it was written in the 1960s. the play was a melancholy one, in one of the songs the female lead expresses her wish for love, the male protagonist replies with this line in the song. The main aim of this line was to say that it is money that makes the world turn, not nobility or love. It highlights the fact that our society is heavily dependent on money.  [1]  Charles Dickens further stresses this point in his novel Dombey and Son where Paul asks his father about the powers of money. Hisfather replies it can do everything, little Paul then intelligently questions his dad as to why money did not save his mother. Charles Dickens very clearly portrays both sides of the argument. The phrase basically means that everything in this world would stop without money. To some extent this statement is true because without money you cannot afford a shelter on your head, have food, go from point A to point B, etc. It is often said that money can take you places, in many instances it proves true because money can and often does open up many doors for a person. However, in todays world we are all too preoccupied with the notion of acquiring wealth, so much so that other aspects of life that are equally important are neglected. The main reason behind this is our distorted view of success. The word success is usually taken to mean material success; the more the money the more successful one is. This includes the amount of money one earns, the type of car he drives or the size of his house. The importance of money becomes very clear when a person has no money, Money for a poor person is everything, it becomes very important for him to earn so that he can fulfill his basic needs. However, recently everyone has become consumption oriented. We want to buy anything that is new on the market and catches our interest and we are falling prey to the attractive packaging and advertisiments of a product. Thus we buy things that we have little need for which in turn makes us want more money. Money enables us to afford a better quality of life; more money means bigger and better houses and cars, better quality products, better entertainment etc. Another advantage is less stress in paying bills and other household expenses. Money may also allow a person to persue his dreams, for example a person who wants to attain higher education may not be able to without money. Literature also supports this in many places, one such example is where Charles Dickens in another Novel A Christmas Carol  [2]  shows how love is pushed aside for money. This happens when young Ebenzer Scrooge had made a promise to a girl Belle to provide for her, however Belle chooses a crooked businessman Jacob as he offers her a quick gain of fortune to the girl. A number of quotations from the book the great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald  [3]  also highlight the importance of money. One such quote mentioned the effect that money has on Gatsby when he is unable to even speak in front of Daisy Buchnan as he gets intimidated by her wealth. This shows how wealth encompasses every aspect of our lives, so much so that it even reflects in the voice and mannerisms of a person. Another description from the same book is about a character Tom whose wealth has given him a lot of power. It allows him to treat others how ever he likes and his elitist nature also makes him condescending towards other people. Thus another thought is that wealth gives one power. Money may be a motivator it influences human activity from geological exploration to politics. Money itself may not be evil, it is the greed for money that becomes the root of evil. Despite popular arguments I believe that money does not make the world go around. we have created the monster and allowed it to take over and control our lives.  [4]  Even though money does have some importance in our lives as every aspect of our lives revolves around money, but if we tried to be content with less we may not face such dependency. The variety of products that we are faced with makes it very difficult for us to be content with what we have. We have made money so central to our lives that we place it above life and even happiness. This never ending pursuit of money has made the society a selfish one. People forget that there are many things that money cant buy. A Chinese proverb summarizes this argument very well by saying that money can buy a house but it cannot make a home, that it can not buy time, sleep knowledge, health, respect and a good life only the material aspects can be bought but not ones that come from within. Stephen R. Covey in his book seven habits of highly effective people also mentions that some of us tend to be centered around money and so our sense of security and happiness is directly related to how much money we have and since its human nature to never be satisfied with what one has he is likely to remain unhappy most of the time. Even a huge increase in wealth is unlikely to satisfy such a person. For this purpose we need to alter our centres to what we really want at the end of our lives. Money can buy a lot of things but it cannot buy good health, respect, love, inner peace etc as these only come from good principles. A person can have million in his bank account but still feel poor because he is not content with his life, more money gives him only minimal satisfaction. Security come from within from knowing that what you have is enough for you to be happy, it comes from believing in your self. All of us tend to think that happiness comes from outside i.e. through money. A short story that supports this notion is A Christmas Memory by Truman Capote it is the story of a child who does not get anything for Christmas except handed down and worn out except for a kite but he is still satisfied and goes out to fly it. In another instance was when the family was offered money for a new Christmas tree but they refused it believing that their old tree was more precious and nothing could replace it. Both these examples reflect the importance of contentment and satisfaction ove r money. One important error that we make is that we equate money with success, this is not true. Success can be divided into 8 categories, these are: health, personal needs, family, career, spiritual, financial and community. To be truly successful you need to be more than just financially successful. There have been many cases whereby a rich man was unable to spend all his fortune due to his health and died despite his accumulated wealth. Such a man cannot be called wealthy as all that he accumulated was left behind, and it was not able to help him when he needed help the most. Thus a rich person who lacks in other aspect of life is as good as being poor. Let us not get carried away with the idea of acquiring wealth and money and fail to consider other aspects of our life.

Black Hawk: Not Only a Good Warrior But a Leader Essay -- essays paper

Black Hawk: Not Only a Good Warrior But a Leader â€Å"A good leader inspires others with confidence in him; a great leader inspires others with confidence in themselves† (unknown). Black Hawk’s actions throughout his life time proved his ability to be a great leader. He involved himself in many great feats that would attract many followers to him for instance, becoming a warrior at the early age of fifteen and beyond that being successful in heading up many other attack expeditions at a very young age. Playing a large role in two major wars also helped Black Hawk to become a leader. Black Hawk was born in 1767 near what is nowadays referred to as Rock Island Illinois; he was born into the Sauk tribe which originated in many parts of the Midwest including areas in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois. At the young age of fifteen he was given the title of warrior after wounding an enemy; shortly after being promoted to these ranks Black Hawk was sent out on war excursions became successful. It was not long after Black Hawk even earned the title, he was now in the position of heading up the parties to attack the enemies, which as well he became successful; these war parties would send out only a few men to attack many with suffering only little casualties. In 1804 the Sauk chiefs ceded all of their land east of the Mississippi river to the American government for an agreed upon $1,000 annuity which Black Hawk and many others did not like very much. They tried to get their ...

Early Twentieth Century American Literature Essay

It is fascinating the sheer number of themes that a relatively short period of literature can bring up and deal with. This is most certainly the case with American literature as it turned the corner from the nineteenth to twentieth centuries. Diverse genres as poetry, such as Edwin Arlington Robinson’s Miniver Cheevy and My Papa’s Waltz by Theodore Roethke, and short stories from authors like Charlotte Perkins Gilman (The Yellow Wallpaper) and Flannery O’Connor (Good Country People) covered the range of topics from relationships between men and women and fathers and sons, to innocence lost and reality avoided. These works tested the social fabrics and existences of these topics, often finding new forms of expression for them. In many ways, then, it is difficult to ascertain or name this period for a specific movement. What is true is that it would appear from this gamut that the early nineteen hundreds in the United States had become absolutely pregnant with literary possibilities. Short stories would seem the easiest way for an author to get the point across regarding theme and context. The genre is long enough for simple analysis, yet short enough to avoid meandering far from intent. Gilman created a masterpiece of the just long enough variety. Within The Yellow Wallpaper the author takes on a primary theme from the early part of the twentieth century: the expected submissive status of women. Apart from the popularly identified issues of psychology found in the story, the chief concern of the author is in fact the treatment of women by their ‘superior’ gender. This theme is found over and again through examples like the freedom of the woman’s husband John to make every single one of the decisions regarding his wife, her care and her liberty. Incidentally, his wife is apparently suffering from post-partum depression (the textual evidence indicating the presence of their baby son) but yet again, in keeping with the theme, there is no willingness to offer quality compassion or care on the part of the man. Unwittingly, (hopefully, that is) he even worsens her conditions by removing the baby altogether from her life. He simply locks her up and patronizes her, assuring her that she will feel better any day – and especially if she doesn’t get involved in things that might grant her some level of independence, like writing. The theme, though treated throughout the narrative, is never quite resolved by story’s end. The wife is psychologically mad, and the husband does not realize that he is the cause. Even when faced with the plain existence of insanity upon his wife’s visage, he faints from the horror of it all, rather than from the revolting knowledge that he somehow may have been complicit. The Yellow Wallpaper is an allegory. This is plain and simple. The primary literary device continually reminds the reader that this story, though fictional, is still reality. Through the ongoing saga of the wife’s illness and treatment, it is seen the connection to daily life for all women of the time. The symbolism at points is quite clear. John locks his wife up and it takes some time for the reader to figure out quite why. It is precisely due to the fact that this is not the point. It is not important to find out the ‘why’ behind locking her up. It is allegorical. John is representative of males, and his wife’s incarceration is representative of the state they are kept by all the Johns of the world. The wife of the time was to have no say so in family finances, direction and management, and are to remain in the home, locked up and ready to serve. â€Å"I sometimes fancy that in my condition,† the wife muses, â€Å"if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus – but John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad† (1684). The Yellow Wallpaper describes this feeling of both hopelessness and submissiveness well through its use of allegorical story. Similarly, the work exhibits one of the main beliefs, then, of its time. When this short story was printed, and received by the reading public, it represented the status quo of the Victorian era. Women were the homemakers. They had their place, and it sure wasn’t anywhere that would find them thinking independently. Most likely men did not see The Yellow Wallpaper for the allegory it was at all. This story would have been more of a realist bent than a social statement, to them. The belief in a woman’s submissive role was so prevalent that this story was interpreted more for its talk of mental disorders than for its social discourse. This, unfortunately, is what happens when a cultural belief is so pervasive. It is a safe bet that women did not see it in the same light. Writing by Gilman became a predecessor to the modern feminist movement, and provided a safe voice through literature for what would become an undercurrent yet to sweep the nation. Women, understood what the book was saying through its nuances about the current cultural belief, and cheered on the wife as she ‘creeped’ right on over John at story’s end (1694). The poem Miniver Cheevy is much different altogether. Rather than focusing on a specific social reality as did Gilman’s work, Robinson instead pointed out an escape from it. The idea of escape is the theme of this piece. As society began to drift away from the romantic notions of the past with its views of new adventures and discoveries, and toward a new, industrialized modern world, a more mundane existence crept over the country. Though there was more work, it was less creative. The new reality meant longer work hours in dreary conditions. There was less time and freedom for adventures and experiences during the busy and demanding work week. Even the colors and surroundings faded as factories and pollution began to grow. For free thinkers and romantics, this was not their time. More than a few would find themselves pining away for the more innocent and carefree past. Cheevy went even farther than this, choosing to attempt escape altogether, with perhaps the help of a drink or two. Although one could make the case for alliteration being the chief literary device the author uses, this finding is far too simplistic. Alliteration does make the poem structurally interesting and even more attractive when orally presented. But it does nothing regarding the meaning of the poem itself, and thus must be discarded as a mere tool. Because of its support in creating and maintaining the theme of the poem, the proper choice of important literary device is that of allusion. Much of the poem concerns itself with just exactly what it is that Cheevy sees in his head as he is escaping the doldrums of the modernized world. One entire stanza is, in fact, devoted to this usage. Miniver sighed for what was not, And dreamed, and rested from his labors; He dreamed of Thebes and Camelot, And Priam’s neighbors. (1898) Thebes, Camelot and the neighbors of Priam become the vision that Miniver is trying to get to, while escaping his work. Without alliteration, the poem succeeds in expressing its theme, but without allusion to these quasi-historical places and peoples, the theme of escape from reality fades. Fighting back against the growing industrialization of the time, with its blind machines and lack of personal ambition was a main concern of the times in which Robinson wrote. This particular poem exhibited its concern with the issue. The old era had passed, and Miniver Cheevy, like many real people, looked back with regret at what was no more. The newly arriving era must have looked bleak indeed. A sense of adventure was being lost; in its place came a safe predictability with its set routines and agendas. The more romantic of individuals were inclined to not take this sitting down. Cheevy became their role model. He performed his perfunctory, obligatory labor – and then he dreamed for better. He sought refuge from the present in the past. He dreamed of no longer being a cog in a machine, but a knight on a steed. It is the ultimate picture of this issue of 1900s America: escape from reality. Roethke’s poem My Papa’s Waltz takes issue with society, too. This work, however, takes as a theme the topic of father – child relationships. As The Yellow Wallpaper appears to demonize men in terms of how they treat women, My Papa’s Waltz appears to indict fathers in terms of how they treat children. It is important to note that neither work is stating that the abuses or neglects are the social norms, but they certainly make a sweeping statement that if they are not actually the norm, then they are certainly within the acceptable. To be more specific about the theme Roethke is exploring, it can be said that the poem is about the dynamics of the father – child relationship; not merely an accepted standard of near abuse, but of the love of the child for his father regardless. It is almost the love-hate relationship Robinson talks of in Miniver Cheevy. The metaphor of the waltz is how Roethke reaches the reader so easily. With very little time and few lines with which to elucidate a theme, the metaphor becomes one of the best options among literary devices. The waltz, an elegant, formalized, and patterned dance, is an unexpected symbol for what appears tantamount to acceptance of child abuse. Without the expression of the dance, then only abuse would be left. The interpretation of the poem would really suffer. When the reader experiences the fact that the son is describing a waltz, then suddenly things are different. The power of this literary device changes everything. One word expresses the love of the child that surpasses the fear. It describes a careful orchestration of the relationship that the child understands. Two lines of the poem are the most telling about this understanding, this participation in the horror/love relationship. â€Å"But I hung on like death: such waltzing was not easy† and â€Å"Then waltzed me off to bed still clinging to your shirt† (2321). So the boy talks of hanging on and clinging on. He desperately wants to be loved by, or at least near to, his familiar father. This despite the fact that he may or may not be being abused. What he does know is that if he just waltzes along, then in his mind and heart, at least, his father still loves him despite the neglect. The specific steps of the dance, its peculiar rhythm and rhyme ensures that all remains status quo in the household relationships. Above all else, this is what the child wants – a predictable father – son relationship. The 1940s belief described by the Roethke poem is that of what modern day readers would consider child abuse. There is clearly an awareness of society, as seen in the poem, that what goes on in the household between fathers and their children (and especially their sons) may not be right, proper or healthy. And yet, as the poem’s ambivalence shows, it was still an acceptable norm. Even the child appears to agree. His description of the surroundings makes it seem that he acknowledges that things aren’t what they should be. But he found an outlet for his expression, and a safe way to love his father. It became important for him to dance along to the proscribed steps to make sure that all was still right with the world. He knew that his father loved him, and he just wanted to stay close, even if close meant a beating just as soon as it might mean a kind word. The 1940s culture did experience this, but never specifically took it to task or clearly identified it as wrongdoing. The poem accurately conveys this by showing the waltz ending up with the child off to bed. In other words, this was an accepted part of the father – son relationship, and an accepted part of the family and social dynamic. A digression from these cultural concerns and themes in the turn of the century American literature comes from the rather lengthy short story Good Country People. This completely topical focused work by O’Connor is a complex treatment of a complicated theme. It wraps ambitious writing arms around the theme of innocence versus experience; a twist on the more commonly expressed good versus evil. This central motif is one of the possibilities that arise when two completely different sort of people come into relationship and interaction with each other. It asks whether this is a compatible notion, or a recipe for utter failure, disappointment or potential disaster. The theme also includes the abstract question of whether innocence is good, or experience bad. The central idea here spreads from one theme to be exposed as a hydra with its many faces, most of them unexpectedly frightening. Irony is the device that makes Good Country People work so magnificently. The title alone mocks its very characters that play such an important part in Joy’s life. That being said, the irony is absolutely all inclusive, to the point that the reader actively looks for it as the story goes along. It is a thoroughly instructive literary device that guides the reading of the story and allows clear understanding of both the theme and the plot. Even the names of the characters are ironical. Joy is not a joyful person. Manley is truly a physical man, but hidden behind a facade. The skillful use of irony doesn’t stop there. Consider the attitudes of the characters. The squabbling, gossiping and snippy women presented early in the narrative are perfect forms of this. Mrs. Hopewell doesn’t hope well for most anyone. Mrs. Freeman is not free at all from her self-righteousness. Together, they call themselves Good Country Women, something that is so farfetched that it is only hopeful that one finds it to be irony as opposed to outright falsehood. Beyond all this is, of course, the interaction between the two primary characters, Joy, who calls herself Hulga (going so far as to actually legally change her name) and Manley Pointer, the Bible salesman. The irony is that Joy is so self-satisfied, and so above all of the alleged good people that she removes herself from their realm. She is better than them and can see them for who they are. She deems herself a quality judge of that sort of people – namely, people who aren’t what they purport themselves to be. She should be ready then, to clearly and easily discern the false pretenses of Manley Pointer when he arrives. He is so simply not the Christian that he sells himself to be. It is fairly easy to see his plots, his salesmanship and his manipulations. Especially so when it comes to young Hulga. Yet she takes him for what he appears to be. Despite being an atheist and mocking the so called faith of the women, which she sees as hypocrisy, she is somehow blinded to the fact that the Bible salesman is selling snake oil. The scene between Manley and Hulga toward the end of the story tells it best: The boy was unscrewing the top of the flask. He stopped and pointed with a smile, to the deck of cards. It was not an ordinary deck but one with an obscene picture on the back of each card. â€Å"Take a swig,† he said, offering her the bottle first. He held it in front of her, but like one mesmerized, she did not move. Her voice when she spoke had an almost pleading sound. â€Å"Aren’t you,† she murmured, â€Å"aren’t you just good country people? † (2582) So Hulga, the former Joy, seems utterly surprised when she eventually comes to realize that he is not one of the good country people after all. He is not after men’s souls, but women’s bodies. After priding herself on her ability to recognize the hidden evils that hide behind smiles and Christian belief, she has let herself down by letting her guard down. Her naivete finally comes out and is exploited by worldliness. This repeated irony skillfully plays out the overall theme of innocence versus knowledge. The literary technique that had begun to come into vogue when Good Country People was being written was the school of ‘show, don’t tell. ’ This was O’Connor’s first stab into that realm. She used irony and situation to do all of the talking. Rather than laboriously describe persons’ attitudes and beliefs, she allows readers to eavesdrop on the action. This turns out to be much more realistic than earlier forms of realism and naturalism. Those genres depended upon minute details and descriptions of motivations and intents and did not lead readers astray, which would have been labeled patently unfair at the time. This new convention allows for more reader interaction, more familiarity with context as the reader is not being told exactly what to think. Showing theme and not telling theme lets the reader begin to interact more fully with the text and the story itself, leaving him to find more personal connections to the action, and filling in the thoughts and emotions between the lines. Ultimately it provides a much more complex and satisfactory experience for the reader’s interaction with the story. Since the publishing of O’Connor’s story, this technique has not only continued, but has become one of the hallmarks of ‘quality writing. ’ As such, it is taught exhaustively at the collegiate writing level, and no creative writing is well accepted if it violates this standard. O’Connor would be proud. The turning of the nineteenth to twentieth centuries unleashed a great freedom in American literature, both in subjects explored, and in devices and manners utilized. A multitude of themes were raised and dealt with, often with unexpected and clever methods, with their unexpected and clever results. Poetry from authors like Theodore Roethke and Edwin Arlington Robinson, and short stories from the likes of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Flannery O’Connor began exploring the new topics of the culture as America began to turn toward modernization of both labor and of relationships. As new understandings evolved in these arenas, the remnants, too, received treatment in the literature. Some fashionable ideas were finally on their way out, seemingly, as The Yellow Wallpaper showed. And yet some would hold on, like the view of father – son relationships in My Papa’s Waltz. Old faiths and new hypocrisies were examined by O’Connor and others. And sometimes reality itself was discarded, as Roethke showed. The era of these authors was a time of moving on, looking forward and reminiscing back, all at once, and with many devices. ? Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte P. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature: Shorter Seventh Edition. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008. 1684-95. O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"Good Country People. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature: Shorter Seventh Edition. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008. 2569-83. Robinson, Edwin A. â€Å"Miniver Cheevy. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature: Shorter Seventh Edition. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008. 1898. Roethke, Theodore. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature: Shorter Seventh Edition. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008. 2321.

What is the Vatican II Essays

What is the Vatican II Essays What is the Vatican II Essay What is the Vatican II Essay Vatican II is the last ecumenical council that the Roman Catholic Church had. It is the only council that the Church organized for the past century up to now. Ecumenical councils are held every time the Church feels there are things to be settled within its institution. It is attended by Bishops around the world. Not to be mislead by its name, Vatican II is not a continuation of Vatican I; rather, it is a new council dedicated to resolving new issues. Since this council is held almost half a century ago, maybe it is about time for the Church to finally hold another one, not necessarily to settle new issues, but just to check the overall status of the Christian world, especially with the advent of stem cell research and the continuing issues of birth control. Besides, things today are definitely different from what they were forty or fifty years ago.The council of Vatican II focused on issues on liturgy, the Church, scripture and divine revelation, and the role of the Bishops. The cou ncil produced documents regarding these topics, plus twelve more topics that they discussed in the council. Contrary to the previous councils which were held primarily because of the rise of false teachings, the Vatican II did not focus on persecuting heretic teachings. Thus, this council is probably the first of its kind.

HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay

HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay 19 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Food and Nutrients in Primary Care Mark Hyman, M.D., Jayashree Mani, M.S., and Russell Jaffe, M.D., Ph.D. INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on solutions to obesity and diabetes that are cost and outcome effective, evidence based, and encouraging in their potential to improve health while lowering health care costs. These two disorders now exceed malnutrition in global public health costs and life lost. Recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data of Americans 2003–8 show that nearly 75% of the US population is now overweight [1]. Childhood obesity has increased threeto fourfold since the 1960s [2]. In 1980, no states had obesity rates over 15%; by 2010, every state had an obesity rate greater than 20% [3]. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Diabetes prevalence has risen sevenfold since 1983. In 2010, diabetes was diagnosed in approximately 25 million adults in the United States, including a prevalence rate of 26.9% in seniors 65 years [4]. Diabetes and obesity together also place an enormous economic burden on our society. The direct and indirect annual costs of obesity in the United States are $113 billion and $174 billion for diabetes, cumulatively $3 trillion over the past decade [5]. The problem is also expanding globally. In China, 92 million individuals have diabetes, 60% of whom are undiagnosed. Another 148 million have metabolic syndrome, 100% of whom are undiagnosed [6]. Overweight and obesity are, for the majority, markers of a single unifying metabolic d ­ ysfunction. Population wide, risk stratification is based on profiles of body weight associated with increased risk. Overweight is expressed as a body mass index (BMI) 25; obesity is defined by a BMI 30. Health risks increase progressively with higher BMI. Clinically, this profile is less useful than considering metabolic dysfunctions as a continuum from optimal insulin sensitivity to end-stage diabetes. In childhood, both low weight and accelerated weight gain affect glucose tolerance and the risk of type 2 diabetes [7]. In adulthood, weight gain is the primary precursor to diabetes. This spectrum 373 374 Advancing Medicine with Food and Nutrients, Second Edition has been referred to as â€Å"diabesity† and is a more useful clinical concept, focusing on mechanism rather than phenotype for obesity. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY Obesity shortens lifespan by nine years of life for the average person [8]. In adolescence, obesity creates the same risk of premature death as heavy smoking [9]. Diabesity along the entire continuum of metabolic dysfunction is the primary driver of diabetes, cardiovascular disease [10], stroke, dementia [11], cancer [12], and most chronic disease mortality [13]. A recent 40-year prospective study of 4857 Pima Indian children found that the major predictor of premature death was insulin resistance, not hypertension or hyperlipidemia. Pima Indians in the highest quartile of glucose intolerance had a 73% increase in early death rate compared to those in the lowest quartile [14]. In the past, when these same Native Americans lived an active nomadic life they showed little evidence of insulin resistance. This suggests that insulin resistance is a classic epigenetic or lifestyle-acquired condition, based largely on how we eat, drink, think, and live. MAJOR STUDIES ON LIFESTYLE FACTORS We know from the evidence that lifestyle is an important factor in the development of insulin resistance. In one diabetes prevention trial, evidence for the importance of exercise and nutrition became so compelling that it was deemed unethical to deny exercise and good nutrition to the control group and the study was halted [15]. As a result of this type of data, we no longer take lifestyle for granted [16]. In the 27-center study cited here, researchers found that when patients at risk for diabetes lost just eight pounds through regular exercise, the incidence of type 2 diabetes was reduced by 58%. RISK

The Individualized Education Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Individualized Education Program - Essay Example When a student undergoes assessment on whether they need special education, they undergo a series of assessment tests. The first of these is visual and hearing tests. The screening for this test is necessary to examine bad performance, which may have resulted from difficulties in hearing or clear eyesight. Once this is completed, a test of intellectual ability follows. An intelligence quotient (IQ) test or simply a regular test for students of similar age and class is administered to check the intellectual level and ability. Achievement on schoolwork and even extracurricular activities is carried out to find the areas of strength and weaknesses. Parents provide the developmental history of the student, which is compared against the formal stages of development of other students. Lastly, the social and behavioral functioning is tested, where closer patterns of socialization such as more engagement in extracurricular activities are examined and recommended. The teacher's evaluation is the first step to assess the student's performance. According to Friend, teachers have experiences and knowledge of a student’s behavior and weaknesses/strengths in comparison to classmates. The teacher has to collaborate with the Intervention Assistance Team, which includes the general teacher, special education teacher, speech language pathologist, and school nurse. Parents, with guidance and supervision from the special education teacher, are the right party to handle the decision on the setting of the boy’s special education.

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Obesity - Essay Example Over the last centuries, research indicated that obesity was related to rich households where food was in plenty thus individuals could afford to overindulge. However, recent studies have shown a deviation from the traditional perspective where the findings indicate that households with higher risks of obesity were the poorest families in the United Kingdom (UK). This can be attributed to the fact that poor families are not in a position to afford adequate and nutritious diets. They instead tend to buy junk food, which is relatively cheaper and convenient because some nutritious diets require time to prepare and other accompaniments. This paper aims at discussing the title ‘In Western society, the poor are now for the first time in history, proportionately the most obese portion of the population’. Obesity generally translates to having too much body fat, which contributes to their being overweight. Obesity leads to reduced life expectancy because of the health risks it exposes people to like diabetes type 1 and 2, hypertension, heart disease and cancer. Obesity is caused by the consumption of excessive high-energy food intake, lack of physical activity and through genetic susceptibility although this is rare phenomena. Lack of physical exercise and adequate diets are leading causes of obesity. Consumption of low quality diets rich in energy and sugar content lead to accumulation of fat in tissues and consequent weight gain (Murphy 22). Lack of physical activity that is encouraged by a sedentary lifestyle contributes to lack of exercise. All of these factors combined, result in reduced morbidity of an obese individual because their weight becomes too much to bear. Their legs become swollen due accumulation of water caused by stress subjected to them by the excess weight. Obesity is a leading killer condition in the world, but it does not kill directly, it is the health risks that being obese one expose to, that cause death. The sad fact is that it is a preventable and treatable condition, but it continues to kill millions of people every year all over the world. The most effective mode of preventing obesity is leading a healthy lifestyle by consuming nutritious diets and maintaining proper physical health through exercise. Treatment of obesity follows the same principles applied in prevention, which are the most effective, and user friendly. There are other methods, which are considered extreme by some people, and they include surgery to remove excess body fat. Liposuction is such a surgical procedure where excess fat if sucked from an individual’s abdomen. The best way to manage obesity is by dieting which means consuming food that is low on high energy and sugars, and instead increase intake of vegetables and fruits. Physical health is also a vital component of managing obesity. Earlier research studies indicated that obesity was a condition associated with the rich, people of affluence. During the middle ages in Eur ope, rich people were revered for being obese, and it was an accepted norm, which represented their stature. In countries like Japan and China, obesity was referred to as the disease of the opulent in society. In more recent times, research studies have established a changing trend in the prevalence of obesity among rich households. The trend has changed from rich families having individuals who are obese to poor families having people who are obese. This

Alternatives to Incarceration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternatives to Incarceration - Assignment Example Historically, this has not always been true following some inmates serving time for their third or even fourth time. This shows that the system on itself is not very efficient because any form of punishment should be aimed at punishing and also rectifying the offender. In addition, the idea of serving time in prison has been the norm to most criminals who have previously served time. Some of the incarcerations act as reunions of the offenders with their friends and acquaintances already in there. Adding to the reasons is the increase rate of corruption which make it possible for ‘well of’ individuals serving time in prison make deals with the prison guards enabling them still to run their business and gangs while still in confinement. This, therefore, shows the level of inefficient in the incarceration system. Herivel & Wright (2009) clearly show the level of corruption in the criminal system and who profits from mass incarceration. Economically, the cost of constructing and running these confinement facilities is usually very high. According to Petteruti et al. (2009), the average cost of maintaining an inmate held in state-funded, post-adjudication and residential facilities is $240.99 per day. This translates to huge sums of tax-payers’ money that could be used elsewhere if cheaper and effective forms of punishments were used instead. Furthermore, this act of imprisonment directly results to societal poverty. For instance, the detachment of supposed income earners or bread winners from their family also creates an economic challenge. Those left by the convict must adjust and learn to live without the convict’s contributions. This can lead to increased crime rate as those left behind try to satisfy their basic needs. Besides, the conviction of individuals lowers their chances of resuming their current jobs or even getting any jobs at all leads to a cycle of poverty in the

Political Parties Essay Example for Free

Political Parties Essay The five agents of socialization heavily influence a person’s political beliefs and views on different issues. Family and friends can influence a person on major political positions and even affect if that person considers themselves liberal, conservative, or moderate. A liberal is open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values. A conservative holds to traditional attitudes and values and is cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion. A moderate holds moderate views in politics and sits between the extremes of liberal and conservative beliefs. Because more Americans see both sides of complex issues and see both parties as overly ideological and wish politicians would compromise more, they identify themselves as moderates than as liberals or conservatives. The term political moderate can generally be used to describe someone who doesnt hold views on the far edges of the political spectrum. Moderates can be known to possess lower levels of political information and less likely be politically engaged than those who are closer to one of the ideological poles. Since they are so open to different ideas they may feel less involved in the political process; however, moderate is a favorable term in politics, one that condones pragmatism as opposed to extremists or radicalisms. Pragmatism allows for a variety of views on any philosophical topic. In the 2012 American National Election Study, 31 percent of Obama voters rated themselves and Obama as â€Å"moderate† or â€Å"slightly liberal,† while 21 percent of Romney voters rated both themselves and Romney as â€Å"moderate† or â€Å"slightly conservative. † Some of these people may identify with a particular party or describe themselves as independents. If they consider themselves members of a party, such as the Democratic or Republican Party, they will be open-minded about ideas from the opposition parties. One reason more Americans consider themselves moderates can be because of how open-minded the public is becoming on different issues, such as gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana. Americans sense there is not only black and white on issues, but also gray spots they want to explore and learn about. Being too extreme with a political ideology can be harmful, because the politicians will not open themselves up for compromise or too hear the other issues stance. Moderates can hold a few beliefs on the far edges of the political spectrum, but their overall philosophy is more centrist. Most moderates do not feel really comfortable with any political party, but their views can often lean in one direction or another or another to some degree. Political moderates are less active in politics overall when compared to people in the liberal or conservative ideologies, because they have more aggressive viewpoints. Moderates may feel less passionate about issues, or overall pay less attention to politics on a day-to-day basis. Since the average American knows very little about our federal government and the issues that take place, that can also be a reason why more Americans consider themselves as moderates. They may hear an issue form the liberals side and agree with it, then hear an issue from the conservative side and agree with it. Liberals overwhelmingly, with 75 percent, worry government is not involved enough in the economy, while conservatives mostly, with 60 percent worry government is too involved in the economy; moderates lean toward the liberal side of the argument, with 53 percent saying not enough involvement to 40 percent who say there is too much involvement. Only 23 percent of moderates favor a larger government that provides more services (liberal view) and 37 percent favor a smaller government with fewer services (conservative view). Majorities of moderates believe government should play a role in creating equal opportunity for every American (liberal view), but moderates also believe that government has created incentives for poor people not to work (conservative view). More moderates see undocumented immigrants as hardworking people trying to care for their families (liberal view) and a slim majority disagree with the idea that giving them citizenship would reward bad behavior (conservative view). Americans share a wide range of political and cultural values as we can see with these political view examples. They can agree with an issue on one side and disagree with an issue on the other side. They are open minded to each side of the arguments and take into consideration each factor to form their belief. Moderates think that parties, Democratic and Republican, are overly ideological and wish that the politicians would consider each side of the arguments on different issues to compromise more. They see both sides of complex issues and can have a range of different views from each of the liberal and conservative side. The American public has been more open than ever to different values and beliefs and that is why more Americans consider themselves moderates, than liberals and conservatives.

Reflection on Critical Care of COPD Patient

Reflection on Critical Care of COPD Patient Foundations of critical care. Introduction The aim of this essay is to present a situation in describing my experiences caring for am identified female patient, and reflecting upon the issues which arose during one shift in a Critical Care unit. The reflective analysis will be carried out using Johns model of reflection (1995) which incorporates Carpers fundamental ways of knowing. This includes aesthetic, personal, ethical and empirical knowing and re flexibility. The purpose of the reflection is to understand better the ways of knowing applied to the situation, and to build upon this knowledge to improve future practice. Case Description. The chosen patient is a 59 year old female with a history of COPD and asthma. For the purposes of this essay, she will be called Jane. Jane had a severe infective exacerbation of COPD, which resulted in PEA Cardiac arrest in the admission medical unit secondary to type 2 respiratory failure, although it was a brief period of output loss only. Jane was intubated and transferred to the critical care unit, and since then she has had difficulty being ventilated due to bronchospasm/air trapping. At the time that I took over care for this patient, she had been on the critical care unit, on ventilatory support, for 12 days. Reflection (based on John’s Model and Carper’s Fundamental Ways of Knowing). AESTHETIC KNOWING: As I came on shift, the ventilation mode was on BIPAP, ASB 15, PEEP 10, I:E 1:3, FIO2 .65 via tracheostomy tube. Upon assessment at the beginning of the shift her BP 110/40, map was 60mmhg despite of noradreanline, and core temperature was 38.6 with improving markers of inflammation. The CVP had fallen to 8, but there was good urine output, 45-70 mls per hour over the previous four hours, with hourly urine measurements continuing. There was an intercostal drain in situ for a pneumothorax which developed post subclavian line insertion. Jane was sedated on midazolam and morphine sulphate infusion. She wass also paralysed with Vecuronium infusion to optimise ventilation, in the light of the previous difficulties. Jane was also on noradrenaline and actrapid insulin infusion, both of which aimed to maintain homeostasis. She was fed via nasogastric tube with Osmolite 60mls/hr with water 50 mls/hr, the latter because her sodium level had been rising when the serial U+Es were reviewed. I als o noted also her heart rate rising up to 148b/m, and was aware that she had had an episode of SVT on the previous day, with a loading dose of amiodarone having been given on that day. Having noted these findings, I reported to the Doctor that the patient may be dehydrated and need significantly increased fluids, perhaps an IV fluid challenge, as it had been noted that her CVP was declining, that she was hypotensive, and that urine output had started to tail off . This finding was supported by the fact that the patient was tachycardic. In response, the doctor prescribed 500mls of Gelofusin and an amiodarone infusion for 24 hours to be restarted. The care of this patient involved frequent, close observations, and these were what initially alerted me to the changes in the patient’s condition. The reduced central venous pressure was the first indicator, which was accompanied by consistently low blood pressure readings. This was despite the patient being medicated with noradrenaline, which should have brought about an increase in blood pressure and CVP. These, accompanied by the tachycardia, made me wonder whether the patient might be dehydrated, quite severely. The plan for the shift then became to give the patient a fluid challenge, in the form of the Gelofusin infusion, and to optimise her electrolyte levels, monitor and correct her pc02, and improve her positioning to improve V/Q mismatch. It was my responsiblity to report to the doctor or nurse co-ordinator if there were any untoward changes with the patients observations. There were a lot of issues surrounding the care of such a patient, and I believed that I was making decisions based upon previous experiences, a degree of previously developed innate knowledge, and other knowledge, including empirical knowledge. However, I also felt that it was hard to combine all the observations, results, care plans, orders and the like into an overall consciousness of the patient’s current condition. This leads into the next section of the reflection, that of personal knowing. PERSONAL KNOWING: The personal knowing relates to some innate knowledge, and this is based on experience. I have in past practice previously looked after patients who were haemodymically unstable and needed prompt intervention. In fact, I felt a degree of confidence with this kind of patient. However, this was different to having to look after a long term complicated case, a woman who had demonstrated such difficulty to ventilate (due to broncho- spasm/air trapping), was challenging. The fact that the patient was paralysed, with a vecuronium infusion was something entirely new to me, which caused concern and a little distress. However, from my previous experience I felt very strongly that thei patient might require fluid challenge due to the observations already discussed. I was concerned that day if it was left untreated for much longer, Jane patient might develop metabolic acidosis, and potentially acute renal failure due to hypoperfusion and hypovolaemic shock due to the decrease in circulating volume. I identified this as an opportunity to be proactive, and although everyone around me seemed more concerned with oxygen pressures and ventilation, I felt that it was important to consider other aspects of the patient’s condition as well. ETHICAL KNOWING Ethical knowing in this case was very acute, because of the level of dependence of the patient, who was dependent on nursing and medical staff for every one of her activities of daily living. Addressing one of these needs that I sensed other staff may have overlooked meant that I was able to be proactive. Discussing with the doctor that the patient might need a fluid challenge made me feel that I had acted as an advocate for my patient, but also that I had made good use of the knowledge I already had, even if I did not feel I had enough specialist knowledge to address some of the patient needs. The patient’s social and emotional needs were also an important part of ethical knowing. Jane lives alone, and her sister is her next of kin. Her sister kept calling the unit for any changes, although she was already updated by the medical team every day, and talking with the sister helped to ensure that I was aware of Jane as a person, and also able to make sure that those who needed t o know were involved as much as possible in her care. EMPIRICAL KNOWING. I was aware that institution of high level of PEEP in the ventilator decreases blood return to the heart and cardiac output as the PEEP ventilation generates positive intrathoracic pressure. However, the symptoms persistently suggested hypovolaemia (Kelly, 2005). I was also aware of other issues, such as the need to increase oxygen pressure, but the ABG tests carried out every six hours demonstrated good oxygen pressures. However, I had to learn about the implications of ventilation on the cardiovascular system. â€Å"Ventilation can profoundly alter cardiovascular function via complex, conflicting, and often opposite processes. These processes reflect the interaction between myocardial reserve, ventricular pump function, circulating blood volume, blood flow distribution, autonomic tone, endocrinologic responses, lung volume, intrathoracic pressure (ITP), and the surrounding pressures for the remainder of the circulation†. (Pinsky, 2005 p 592s). One of the most significant issues surrounding empirical knowing in this case was the need to understand all the potential complications of having a patient in such a condition, paralysed and receiving the high levels of PEEP in order to maintain ventilation. The literature shows that there are a number of issues surrounding mechanical ventilation. For example, Putenson et al 2006) state that mechanical ventilation generates an increase in airway pressure and, therefore, an increase in intrathoracic pressure, which may decrease systemic and intra-abdominal organ perfusion, which may have significant effects on homeostasis an organ function. Critically ill patients can therefore develop a systemic inflammatory response that culminates in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome and death, which suggests that the symptoms that Jane was displaying, and the findings from the electrolyte levels, could have been related to a more serious bodily response to mechanical ventilation. I did not know about this possible response to mechanical ventilation, until I carried out a literature search, and so would not have been aware that the findings were possibly linked to this kind of serious response. Kollef (2004) suggests that for all patients who are intubated/ventilated, there are a number evidence-based interventions which focus on the prevention of aerodigestive tract colonization which can result in one of the serious complications of ventilation, that of ventilator-associated pneumonia. These include avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics, stress ulcer prophylaxis, chlorhexidine oral rinse, selective digestive decontamination, short-course parenteral prophylactic antibiotics in high-risk patients, and the prevention of aspiration of contaminated secretions, with preferred oral intubation, appropriate intensive care unit staffing, avoidance of tracheal intubation with the use of mask ventilation, application of weaning protocols and optimal use of sedation to shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation, semirecumbent positioning, minimization of gastric distension, subglottic suctioning, avoidance of ventilator circuit changes/manipulation, and routine drainage of ventilat or circuit condensate (Kollef, 2004). Obviously a key element of empirical knowing for me in this situation is about the haemodynamic monitoring, which has been so important in assessing this patient (Pinsky, 2003). The literature says that ongoing and dynamic haemodynamic monitoring is important in judging the response to the treatment, including the fluid challenge (Hadian and Pinsky, 2007). Michard (2005) states that â€Å"mechanical ventilation induces cyclic changes in vena cava blood flow, pulmonary artery blood flow, and aortic blood flow. At the bedside, respiratory changes in aortic blood flow are reflected by â€Å"swings† in blood pressure whose magnitude is highly dependent on volume status.† ( p 419). Another element however that is very important is the administration of the fluid challenge. Fluid challenges are common in a range of nursing situations (Vincent and Weil, 2006). According to Michard (2005), â€Å"the expected hemodynamic response to a fluid challenge is an increase in cardiac preload and, according to the Frank-Starling mechanism, an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output† (p 423). This should be evident in a blood pressure increase and a reduced heart rate. However, there is the danger of fluid overload, and therefore administering a fluid challenge must be carried out carefully. Vincent and Weil (2006) propose that fluid challenges should follow a protocol should include four variables: the type of fluid administered; the rate of fluid administration; the critical end points; and the safety limits. The choice of fluid was gelofusine, which is a colloidal fluid useful for volume replacement because of its unique properties (Vincent and Weil, 2006), Vincent and Weil (2006) state that using a structured approach to fluid challenges would be best, in order to correct fluid deficits and minimize the risks associated with fluid overload. It is important to monitor patient response closely (Vincent and Weil, 2006). When gelofusine was given her CVP increased and blood pressure and urine output improved. Her potassium, magnesium sulphate and Phosphate were topped up during my shift, and electrolyte levels were stable. Her heart rate went down to 110bpm since amiodarone infusion was restarted. She was on a few other medications, which potentially affect the potassium levels such as hydrocortisone, insulin actrapid infusion, salbutamol nebuliser and theophyline via NGT, which in addition can also cause arrrhythmias. REFLEXIBILITY. I learned a lot about basic nursing care activities, and in particular, the importance of time management. Time management is an important element of managing such a complex case, because it requires specific measurements, observations and recordings at specific times, whilst also managing emergent issues, maintaining records, and liaison with other members of the multidisciplinary team. Good patient assessment also emerged as a key learning point, and promoting a safe working environment, particularly in relation to all the aspects of care that posed challenges, such as managing drains, lines, infusion machines, monitoring morphine as a controlled substance, and also keeping contemporaneous records. These were all very challenging and made me feel under pressure to somehow keep juggling all the different tasks and demands, and still have time to reflect and think about the overall picture. Record keeping helped with this, but it seemed that critical care of such a patient requires t he development of specific capabilities, which must mean that such multi-tasking and multi-awareness gets easier over time. The level of vigilance required in order to anticipate and be ready for any emergent changes in Jane’s condition was significant, and required a great deal of concentration and focus. I also learned that it was important to work with confidence and collaborate with the multidisciplinary team. However, maintaining communication with the team was very difficult given all the demands on my time. One of the issues here was also whether or not Jane still needed mechanical ventilation, and during this shift, there was no discussion of when or whether she would be weaned off the ventilator. As she was paralysed, there was no indication of whether or not she would be trying to breathe with the ventilator, and how good her respiratory function might be. 12 days on the ventilator is a significant amount of time, and some literature suggests that earlier weaning from ventilator support may be possible in a lot of cases (Dasta et al, 2005). However, there was no indication of this, but similarly, there was no indication that this was a palliative care case (Mularski et al, 2006). If I had had more knowledge and understanding of this kind of nursing, and in particular, of the details and implications of Jane’s condition, I might have considered whether or not, as her advocate, I should be asking about the continued need for ventilation, particularly in the light of other possible approaches, such as non-invasive ventilation (Don et al, 2007). My discussions with other, more experienced members of staff, however, showed that the kinds of knowledge that most informed their care in this situation were experiential knowledge developed over a significant period of time. Therefore, it seemed to me that the empirical knowledge discusses above needed to be tempered with experience, which includes the experiences that come from working with more experienced and knowledgeable colleagues. Another issue which arose was about learning how much of my nursing practice is based upon good communication skills and developing a relationship with the patient, neither of which were useful or appropriate in this case. Although communication with ventilated patients is a focus of critical care nursing (Bergbom-Engberg, and Haljam, 1993), in this case I found it strange to work without including the patient in my care, whilst I also realised that the patient needed my advocacy more than any other, because they could not be involved or speak for themselves. However, the role of the critical care nurse in managing mechanical ventilation is something which became very apparent during this experience. The literature shows that critical care nurses have high levels of autonomy and responsibility in relation to mechanical ventilation, and that â€Å"critical care nurses were responsible for the majority of the decision episodes that resulted in a change to ventilator settings, ranging in complexity from the simple titration of FIO2 to a decision to commence weaning† (Rose et al, 2007 p 440). CONCLUSION This reflection has looked at the care of a client in the critical care nursing sector, who, after an infective exacerbation of COPD had to have a tracheostomy and be ventilated. I identified potential markers of dehydratrion, and presented these conclusions to the doctor in charge, who prescribed regulatory medication and a fluid challenge with Gelofusine. I administered the fluid challenge, infusing at the prescribed rate of 500 mls over 2 hours, and noted an improvement in central venous pressure, blood pressure and mean arterial pressure. An improvement in hourly urine output was also noted. It was also important to monitor electrolyte balance, and arterial blood gases, all of which improved with therapeutic intervention. The care of the client highlighted a number of issues for me as a nurse. The first is the value of this kind of reflection in highlighting my knowledge and my learning processes. Gustafson and Fagerberg (2004) highlight how important structured reflection is to professional development, and in this case, using a structured process of reflection has highlighted my knowledge base, learning needs, learning process, and the application of nursing knowledge which is more than empirical knowledge, to a specific clinical scenario. Jones (1995) suggests that reflection is a part of the development of true nursing expertise. This has proved to be correct in relation to the learning that has occurred during this reflection. It has shown that understanding the effects of mechanical ventilation required more than simply monitoring observations and test values, but understanding that ventilation can affect cardiovascular function, and that this can be affected by haemodynamic status. Although pre vious knowledge and experience indicated that the patient’s condition was likely due to hypovolaemia (potentially secondary to dehydration), there were a number of other mechanisms that might have affected this. It also became apparent that the role of the nurse in this situation is more than to simply monitor vital signs and infusions, ventilator functions, urine output and general wellbeing, attending to the activities of daily living. When a patient is paralysed and ventilated, unconscious due to sedation, the role of the nurse is to act in their stead, in their best interests, to be their advocate and to ensure plans of care are implemented which not only meet patient needs but anticipate them. Rolfe (2005) describes reflective practice as a deconstructive process, which allows nurses to question practice and ways of working. This process has identified a range of nursing issues related to this case, and shown that nothing is a simple matter of managing one condition in critical care nursing, it is part of an overall focus on patient-centred care. References Bergbom-Engberg, I. and Haljam, H. (1993) The communication process with ventilator patients in the ICU as perceived by the nursing staff. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing 9 (1) 40-59. Bridges, E.J. (2008) Arterial Pressure-Based Stroke Volume and Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 23(2):105-112. This article is not included in your organizations subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organizations agreement with Elsevier. Dasta, J.F., McLaughlin, T.P., Mody, S.H. and Piech, C.T. (2005) Daily cost of an intensive care unit day: The contribution of mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Medicine. 33(6):1266-1271. Don, D.S., Wong, E., Mayers, I. et al (2007) Effects of nocturnal non-invasive mechanical ventilation on heart rate variability of patients with advanced COPD. Chest 131 156-163. Gustafsson, C. and Fagerberg, I. (2004) Reflection: the way to professional development? Journal of Clinical Nursing 13 271-280. Hadian, M. and Pinksy, M.R. (2007) Functional hemodynamic monitoring. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 13(3):318-323. Jones, P.R. (1995) Hindsight bias in reflective practice: an empirical investigation. Journal of Advanced Nursing 21 (4) 783–788. Kelley, D. (205) Hypovolemic Shock: An Overview. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 28(1):2-19. Kollef, M.H. (2004) Prevention of hospital-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Critical Care Medicine. 32(6):1396-1405. Michard, F. 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