Need of the Study Essay

It is appropriately said plastic cash is need of great importance. Individuals are utilizing these cards for an immense scope. In any case, in the wake of considering the material accessible regarding the matter, it is seen that the entire installment procedure of handling these cards†¦ Presentation Cash is any thing or irrefutable record that is commonly acknowledged as installment for merchandise and ventures and reimbursement of obligations in a specific nation or financial context.[1][2][3] The primary elements of cash are recognized as: a vehicle of trade; a unit of record; a store of significant worth; and, maybe, a standard of conceded payment.[4][5] Any thing or undeniable record that satisfies these capacities can be viewed as cash. Cash is truly a new market marvel setting up a ware cash, however about all contemporary cash frameworks depend on fiat money.[4] Fiat cash, similar to any check or note of obligation, is without characteristic use an incentive as a physical ware. It infers its incentive by being announced by an administration to be legitimate delicate; that is, it must be acknowledged as a type of installment inside the limits of the nation, for â€Å"all obligations, open and private†.[citation needed] Such laws practically speaking reason fiat cash to secure the estimation of any of the merchandise and ventures that it might be exchanged for inside the country that issues it. The cash gracefully of a nation comprises of money (banknotes and coins) and as a rule incorporates bank cash (the parity held in financial records and investment accounts). Bank cash, which comprises just of records (for the most part automated in present day banking), shapes by a wide margin the biggest piece of expansive cash in created countries.[6][7][8]

Principles of social control theory

Standards of social control hypothesis Social Control Theories. Numerous criminological speculations consistently clarify for what reason do individuals carry out wrongdoing, or to discover what are the most compelling components spur individuals perpetrate wrongdoing and disregard the social standards. Rather, social control speculations have been now accepted people are possibly carrying out wrongdoing. Also, the social control or social bond hypothesis is accentuating why an individual don't be a crook. In social control scholars suppositions, people have the ability to abuse the laws instead of comply with the laws. Decent practices are not the idea of individuals. Individuals decide to carry out wrongdoing in light of the fact that the powers or compels of society isn't most grounded enough. It depicts individuals are remaining in the situation among abnormality and congruity. It shows the strain of everybody either submit freak act or acknowledges the standards. Along these lines, social control scholars propose a couple of components to pu ll individuals once again from the side of abnormality, particularly relationship, responsibilities, qualities, standards, and convictions. Family and companion bunch become a vital organizations that influence people groups lead. Albert J Reiss The comprehension of those early control scholars contentions are significant on the grounds that they introduced a system or some essential recommendations inside the numerous speculations of misconduct and wrongdoing. Every social control scholar had additionally been done an experimental investigation of their discoveries to help their place of perspectives. Beginning from an article composed by Albert J Reiss (1951), his contention may be recreated from Freuds idea of inner self or superego principally. He targets seeing the expectation of probation renouncement among adolescent guilty parties. He thought young people have a lower individual controls that may bound to become adolescent wrongdoing. That is, those more youthful individuals absence of capacity to avoid craving their requirements when having strife with the standards or standards of the general public. By the by, his clarification of adolescent wrongdoing is frail while talking about the connection between probation disavowal and school execution as truancy. Jackson Toby In 1957, Jackson Toby, a subsequent social control scholar, offered another idea called stake in congruity which as the basic system to influence delinquents comportment. He likewise concurred that individuals are naturally and temptingly bursting the laws, particularly all young people. Some of them are having a high danger of the infringement of laws because of this enticement. He accepts understudies perform well in school they are being rebuffed by school, yet additionally imperil their future odds of progress. Under the uncommon scholarly arranged situation, if the general public permits understudies having a superior profession way when they got an amazing school result; in this manner, a few understudies who do ineffectively in school may have an extraordinary possibility of perpetrating wrongdoing since they appears lose lesser things than others. Aside from the scholarly consequence of an individual is a persuasive factor, peer support for freak act could lead those adolesce nts with low stakes in congruity also. In any case, even adolescents have low stake in congruity, they are not become delinquents when lacking of friend support. F. Ivan Nye In 1958, Nye then focused on the issue of family relationship. He however that family is a solitary most significant base of social control for young people. He partitioned diffent types of control, for example, direct control, inside control, and circuitous control. Direct control implies the conspicuous limitation or disciplines of an individual. Inside control refered to an internal screen or still, small voices. Circuitous control connected to affectional or passionate distinguishing proof with guardians, noncriminals or lawful codes. He expressed that in the event that all the above controls are adequate, at that point those young people are more accommodate the standards of society. Nyes study had been tried by an empircal analyze. Be that as it may, his examination had been tested by Toby as of now. To begin with, altough Nye called the example bunch as generally reprobate, however numerous criminologist called them nondelinquents. Because of the example bunch was chosen in se condary school which was excluded any adolescents age 15 or more youthful, and any young people age 16 with dropped out of school. Besides, the inquiries being posed in surveys were excessively minor, for example, taking things worth under $2, and harming open or private property. In this way, Nye can't perceive the unequivocally connection between family holding and genuine reprobate practices. Walter C. Wild In 1961, another social control scholar called Reckless, who proposed a regulation hypothesis. The fundamental idea is that all people are affected by various powers, for example, social weight, social pulls, organic/mental pushes. Those powers are driving individuals to submit degenerate act. Be that as it may, these powers are againsted by both outer and inward regulations. For example, social weight can be characterized as day to day environments, family strife, minority gathering, status, and absence of chances. At that point the term social pulls is refered to the acknowledged standard of all people from their allies, criminal subculture, broad communications, etc. Natural or mental pushes can be handily connected to how those organic and mental variables influence individuals neglect to accommodate the standards of society, for example, fretfulness, inward pressure, forcefulness, etc. Despite what might be expected, outer control is discussing the environmental factors of an in dividual. For example, how guardians or care groups advance right virtues, discipline, authorize the feeling of character, etc. In addition, inward regulation are those imperceptible stuffs which disguised our restraint; that identified with how the objectives/capacities of an individual against to carry out wrongdoing. David Matza Travis Hirschi Matzas Delinquency and Drift (1964) and Hirschis Causes of Delinquency (1969) likewise advoacted two popular ideas in the later advancement of control speculations. Then again, Matza has been as of now protraried the picture of vagabond. Underscoring how social conditions shape individuals become a wanderer. (In any case, he didn't make reference to about what sorts of requirements and control that shield youths from floating.) In Hirschis hypothesis, he proposed four principle social bonds that could decide ones association in misconduct, to be specific connection, duty, inclusion, and conviction. Connection contains the interpersoanl and enthusiastic bonds among others, particularly guardians and instructors. Responsibility alludes to how adolescents utilize the time, vitality, exertion consumed in conventional way of achievement, for example, setting aside cash for the future and abtaining a high scholarly capability. Association implies the level of ones inclusion in those custom ary exercises, for example, school, entertainment, and family. Because of society will share regular virtues typically, in this manner, convictions of an individual are significant. Individuals may all the more effectively carry out criminal act if these virtues are missing or debilitated. To put it plainly, Hirschis social bond hypothesis accentuated all individuals are potential hoodlums, be that as it may, individuals will acclimate the standard or comply with the law since they would prefer not to decimate the bondings with others. Reactions There are scarcely any reactions on social control hypothesis. To start with, as indicated by its presumption, social control scholars expected human are potential law-violators. Imagine a scenario in which the adolescents carry out wrongdoing since they are enjoyable. Another issuse is that such speculations can't be clarified the reasons for pack wrongdoing and grown-up culpability. Besides, most investigations were alluding the contribution of minor offenses of nondelinquent young people. Hirschi likewise admitted that delinquents really dynamic in regular occasions, which dismissed his unique hypothesis (Vold Bernard, 1986). Social Learning viewpoints Edwin Sutherland Differential Association Theory was the most immediate and clear hypothesis that proposed by Edwin Sutherland in 1947 from social learning viewpoints. In 1978, Sutherland and Cressey comprised nine recommendations of Differential Association Theory: 1. Criminal conduct is found out 2. Criminla conduct is found out in collaboration with different people in a procedure 3. The main piece of the learning of criminal conduct happens inside cozy individual gatherings 4. At the point when criminal conduct is found out, the learning incorporates procedures of carrying out the wrongdoing, which are once in a while confused, once in a while extremely straightforward; the particular course of the thought processes, drives, rationlization, and mentalities 5. The particular bearings of intentions and drives is found out from meanings of the lawful codes as ideal or negative 6. The individual becomes reprobate on account of an abundance of good definitions to infringement of law over troublesome definitions to law-infringement 7. Differential affiliation may shift in recurrence, length, need, and power. 8. Procedure of learning criminal conduct by relationship with criminal and hostile to criminal examples includes the entirety of the components associated with some other learning 9. While criminal act is a declaration of general needs and qualities, it isn't clarified by those general needs and qualities (Sutherland Cressey, 1978, pp.80-82.) Here will be talked about every suggestion separately. To begin with, it is plainly expressed that criminal demonstration isn't characteristic which is found out. At that point, Sutherland gave how individuals figured out how to become reprobate which is found out in collaboration with others, particularly family, companions, and associates. Additionally, strategies of commiting wrongdoing are required which are some of the time very confounded/straightforward, for example, how to open a safe or take a vehicle in the city. Moral supports additionally pivotal that make individuals think their demonstrations are sensible. For instance, a needy individual take nourishments in grocery store since they don't have cash to purchase enough food sources to their children. In this manner, they will legitimize they go about as bode well. Fifth, it alludes to the perspectives on lawful codes from an individiuals. The individual might not have any desire to comply with the law in light of the fac t that such laws

Cut the Coupons How to Save Money on Groceries Without Them

Cut the Coupons How to Save Money on Groceries Without Them Cut the Coupons: How to Save Money on Groceries Without Them Cut the Coupons: How to Save Money on Groceries Without ThemFeeding your family doesn’t have to cost an arm and a leg; here are money-saving tips to help keep your budget in the black.Grocery stores are colorful and distracting places, and unless you are someone who splurges on grocery delivery services, they are impossible to avoid.   Yet for some families, trips to the grocery store can cut into a large chunk of the monthly budget.If coupon cutting isn’t your thing, there are plenty of ways you can keep your family, pantry, and fridge full even without a file folder full of tiny slips of paper. Below are several savvy ways to cut down on your grocery expenses while still eating well.Shop smarter not harderKeeping a shopping list is your first step to making wise food buying choices. If you know exactly why you’re at the store as well as all of the items you must purchase, you’re less likely to buy things you don’t need. You are also less likely to forget the one most impo rtant ingredient or household item that would make you take an extra trip back to the store.Stay outside the perimeterHave you ever noticed that produce, dairy, and meat tend to plank the three main walls of a grocery store? The outer aisles that line the store tend to be where the most necessary goods are found. That layout strategy is there to get you to venture into the middle aisles, which houses less necessary and more processed foods. By making customers go into those aisles, the store is more likely to get impulse buys out of you. So if you’re sticking to a budget, stick to the main aisles and try to avoid deviating from the outside walls of the store.Explore your surroundingsAs you shop around for the best prices let your eyes wander. Eye-level products tend to be the most expensive. Take a look at the items on the upper or lower shelves, which are probably cheaper and the same quality as the eye-level ones.Julie R. Thomson at the Huffington Post offers similar solutions t o grocery shopping savings. She advises customers to avoid buying brand name products and overpriced toiletries to ensure maximum savings.“You might be used to a particular brand of cereal or sugar, but the generic options are usually cheaper,” Thomson says. “Generic brands often use name-brand products with their own labels on it, and they offer it at a better price. Just check the ingredients to be sure you’re getting the same product.”Know what you already haveBefore you buy another box of pasta or a pantry staple, make sure you don’t already have six boxes of it at home. It seems silly, but before you go on a major grocery shopping spree it’s best to take inventory of your pantry, fridge, and freezer. This way you aren’t wasting money on a duplicate and you’ll use what you have while it’s still good.Everydollar suggests using home inventories as a means of meal planning, as well. If you already have meatballs and sauce, for example, you could pick up bread an d noodles and have yourself a spaghetti dinner in no time.In addition to making a list of what you absolutely need, Urban Tastebud suggests figuring out what products are running low in your fridge or pantry. If you know where you’re running short, you’re less likely to run out of an item (like milk, butter or certain spices) when you need it.This works in reverse, as well. “By keeping track of everything that is running low, you save yourself the risk of buying something when in reality you don’t need it yet,” Urban Tastebud adds.Consider sales (but carefully)Have you ever bought a bunch of bakery mixes after Christmas or Thanksgiving or stocked up on chocolate after Valentine’s Day? When it comes to taking advantage of seasonal savings, grocery stores can be your best budgeting friend.Urban Tastebud suggests taking advantage of post-holiday sales for certain grocery buys. “Many goods, including holiday-themed candy, baking mixes, spices, etc., are always heavily disc ounted after the holidays,” it says. “So if you don’t mind eating orange, yellow, and red candy, then shopping for goodies after Halloween can lead to major savings.”When it comes to other sales, it’s best to stock up on products you use a lot if you can get a good deal. Things like toilet paper, soda or certain kinds of cleaners are great stock-up items.The sales you should be wary of, however, are ones that price five items for $5 or 10 items for $10. At first glance they present a great way to stock up and save money, when they’re actually not a great deal if you look at the individual unit prices of the items that qualify.“If you ever see some items marked as 10 for $10, be sure to check the individual unit price because sometimes these [individual] items can be only $0.89, costing you $1.90 extra,” Urban Tastebud says.Don’t impulse buyHere’s an obvious one: Don’t buy impulse items at the register. You don’t need them, and they’re going to be more expen sive than their counterparts in other areas of the store. Urban Tastebud notes stores may jack up the price of individual items near the checkout counter, even though a bulk container of the same item can be found elsewhere in the aisles for a more reasonable unit price.Stay vigilant  Just as in anything else, if you go in with the right knowledge and determination, you can save a ton on groceries. Don’t let the bright sale signage or layouts overwhelm your budgetary goals, and you’ll be eating like a king with a wallet that’s as happy as your belly.To learn more about saving money on everyday expenses, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Save Money This Summer by Saving EnergySave a Few Bucks on Fido with These DIY Pet ToysReusable Purchases That Will Save You Money in the Long RunCar Maintenance Tips That Will Save You Money Down the Road  |Instagram

Steroid Use in Sports - 1732 Words

Around an astonishing ten to fifteen percent of professional athletes use illegal steroids which are also known as performance enhancing drugs. These substances which are banned in professional sports aren’t just any type of steroid or drug. They are called anabolic steroids or performance enhancing drugs, and they are synthetically produced substances of male testosterone hormones. The use of these illegal steroids has garnered a lot of publicity within the world of sports over the past few years. As athletes continue to become bigger, faster, and stronger many people wonder if this is due to steroid use. This has in turn lead many people to believe that the use of anabolic steroids or performance enhancing drugs has continued to increase over the years. If this is in fact true, new efforts need to be attempted to stop the spread of these illegal substances because the rules implemented by different professional sports leagues have done little to curb this problem so far. Pro fessional athletes who are caught using steroids should be banned from sports. First of all, what exactly are anabolic steroids or performance enhancing drugs and what do they do to the body? Once again, anabolic steroids are naturally occurring male hormone testosterone. Anabolic steroids help athletes become bigger and stronger. The article Anabolic Steroids by ESPN states, â€Å"The hormones anabolic effect helps the body retain dietary protein, which aids in the development of muscles,† (espn.go.com).Show MoreRelatedSteroid Use Of Sports On Sports1237 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Gallos English 3H 2 May 2016 Steroid use in Sports Steroid use in sports has became a large factor of impact in the sports world today. Everyone has their own opinion on it. They either enjoy watching athletes be ridiculously good at their sport, and they find it entertaining, or they like to see athletes play by the rules. Steroid use is a big part of most sports, mostly baseball. Most records held by the greatest of baseball players used steroids. Steroid usage has many negative effects. EvenRead MoreUse Of Steroids For Sports Athletes1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Steroids in Sports Imagine yourself as a young professional athlete, who has been suffering from constant injuries. Physical therapy might help the injury heal but the time being wasted also plays a major factor. Your doctor and physician eventually bring up the conversation of early retirement unless you can show them that you’re capable of returning to your natural ways. Realizing that your career could be here today and gone tomorrow is something that every athlete thinks about. SuddenlyRead MoreSteroid Use Sports : Steroids Should Not Be Banned2008 Words   |  9 PagesSteroid use in sports When it comes to the topic of steroid use in sports, some of us will agree that it is a debatable topic. Where this argument usually ends, however, is on the question of whether or not it is cheating to use steroids while in a sport. Whereas some are convinced that it is not cheating due to the benefits it provides towards muscle growth and repair, others maintain their belief that it is a form of cheating because of the regulations that have been acted upon it. I agree thatRead MoreEssay about The Use of Steroids in Sports1299 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristic associated sports. So much attention, time, and money are devoted to sports these days, maybe even too much. Perhaps all the pressure is what has sparked steroid use in sports and stimulated numerous controversies over the subject. The use of steroids is an unfair training method for sports. Unfairness is contrary to laws, marked by deception, and unethical. When the legality, lack of work and advantageousness, and cheating are examined it is easy to see how steroids are extremely unfairRead MoreAnabolic Steroid Use in Sports Summary1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnabolic Steroid use in Sports The competitive drive to win at all cost is fierce among athletes. Winning at all cost often includes using one of many performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids. Many athletes use performance enhancing drugs, like steroids, to achieve higher goals and set higher records than other drug-free successful athletes. Although athletes are performing at higher levels when using such drugs, what is the cost? Finally anabolic steroids should remain bannedRead MoreThe Use of Steroids in Professional Sports Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use of Steroids in Professional Sports They’re among the world’s most controversial drugs. Not Heroin, Ganja, Coke or Crystal Meth, but Anabolic Steroids. Steroids are medical treatments that come in two varieties: Anabolic Steroids and Corticosteroids. These are both synthetic versions of hormones produced naturally in the body but they perform two completely different tasks. Corticosteroids are used by doctors to decrease inflammation. Anabolic Steroids are the familiar term for the syntheticRead MoreEssay about Use of Steroids in Sports1559 Words   |  7 PagesAs the use of performance enhancing drugs is becoming more popular among athletes, many of them dont understand the risks involved in taking these drugs. Many people are looking for a quick way to build muscle, or to get stronger the fastest way possible. Using these performance aids may very well be a quick fix for many athletes, but taking these supplements is unethical and dangerous. Using special drugs to boost an athletes performance is degr ading to sports and to the athlete. The human bodyRead More The Use of Steroids and Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1507 Words   |  7 PagesI have chosen to write my paper on the topic of steroids and performance enhancing substances that are used today in sports. In this paper I hope to focus on the steroids and performance enhancing drugs and how they have become a problem in sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An anabolic steroid is a substance that is related to male sex hormones, known as testosterone. The word â€Å"Anabolic† means muscle building. The word â€Å"steroids† is just referred to as a drug name or a class of drug. Some athletes have made the decisionRead More Steroid Use in Pro Sports is Unethical Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you were a kid, didn’t you want to play a professional sport? What would you give to be one of the best athletes in the world? Would you risk your reputation? Your health? Would you be willing to die? Although many studies have come out saying that steroids diminish one’s health, people still take them hoping to be the best. Imagine if you were a 28 year old who left college early because a pro team â€Å"guaranteed† you that you would play in the big leagues. Yet you just got stuck inRead MoreThe Use of Steroids is Banned in Professional and Organiz ed Sports533 Words   |  2 PagesFormer NFL superstar and Hall of Famer, Lawrence Taylor once said, â€Å"Steroids are for guys who want to cheat opponents.† The use of steroids is banned in professional and organized sports. Performance enhancing drugs should not be accepted in professional sports. Performance enhancing drugs also known as PED’s, violate rules, give players an unfair advantage, and send a terrible message to young athletes. There are many types of PED’s but the main two are Lean Mass Builders and Stimulants. Lean mass

Gender Roles in Moso - 806 Words

The Moso is a society that still maintains matrilineal system, which is a rare and unusual practice nowadays in contemporary urban societies. In Moso, all ancestors are traced back through the female line instead of the fathers side. Male relatives, regardless whether he is a childs biological father or not, are called uncle. A family properties are inherited through the female line. Men seem to have less authority in dealing with family matters. That is why Moso has been depicted as â€Å"a kingdom of women†. This essay will try to argue that women are not superior to men in Moso. The essay will first delve into the gender roles, which refers to roles assigned by culture to the biological differentiation of the sexes, performed in family and economic aspects, followed by some major restrictions imposed on women in order to show that male and female are both equally important in this society. Men and women perform their own duties, which are organized in a balanced way, in Mo so households. There is a female administrator called Dabu in each family. Dabu, who is chosen by other family members to manage and distribute earnings. She is believed to be the most capable person among all family members and is revered by others. Indeed, Dabu is not the only member who holds authority in the household. A research pointed out that men are supposed to give support to female in the matrilineal society. For instance, uncles, the closest male relative of the children, playShow MoreRelatedMatriarchal in Moso Society940 Words   |  4 PagesMoso is a Chinese ethnic group that is famous for being a matriarchal society with minimal contact from the outside world. In Moso matrilineal system, woman is the pillar of the family. As the head of a family as well as a mother, a Moso woman is responsible to determine family’s name, decision, and inheritance. No one has right to replace woman’s authority, even a man. This is the primary point of a matriarchy which traces the side of Moso family’s lineage through the descendant of woman. What isRead MoreMoso Matrilineal System813 Words   |  3 PagesMoso society, better known as Na, is a small ethnic group living in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. For decades, they have implemented a matrilineal system in their culture. Matrilineal system is defined as a system in which their descendants are traced using their mothers’ lineage. Since Moso society applied the matrilineal system in their culture, there are several implications and characteristics that can be analyzed from that point. One important feature of matrilineal is called â€Å"walking

Virginia Woolf’s a Room of One’s Own Free Essays

Though published seventy years ago, Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own holds no less appeal today than it did then. Modern women writers look to Woolf as a prophet of inspiration. In November of 1929, Woolf wrote to her friend G. We will write a custom essay sample on Virginia Woolf’s a Room of One’s Own or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lowes Dickinson that she penned the book because she â€Å"wanted to encourage the young women–they seem to get frightfully depressed† (xiv). The irony here, of course, is that Woolf herself eventually grew so depressed and discouraged that she killed herself. The suicide seems symptomatic of Woolf’s own feelings of oppression within a patriarchal world where only the words of men, it seemed, were taken seriously. Nevertheless, women writers still look to Woolf as a liberating force and, in particular, at A Room of One’s Own as an inspiring and empowering work. Woolf biographer Quentin Bell notes that the text argues: the disabilities of women are social and economic; the woman writer can only survive despite great difficulties, and despite the prejudice and the economic selfishness of men; and the key to emancipation is to be found in the door of a room which a woman may call her own and which she can inhabit with the same freedom and independence as her brothers. 144) Woolf empowers women writers by first exploring the nature of women and fiction, and then by incorporating notions of androgyny and individuality as it exists in a woman’s experience as writer. Woolf’s first assertion is that women are spatially hindered in creative life. â€Å"A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction,† Woolf writes, â€Å"and that as you will see, le aves the great problem of the true nature of women. . . and fiction unresolved† (4). What Woolf seems to say is that being female stifles creativity. Woolf does not assume, however, that a biological reason for this stifling exists. Instead, she implies that a woman’s â€Å"life conflicts with something that is not life† (71). In other words, mothering, being a wife, and the general daily, culturally defined expectations of women infringe upon creativity, in particular the writing of fiction. The smothering reality of a woman’s life – – housekeeping and child-rearing duties, for example – – distract a woman from writing. Sadly, Woolf notes, even if a woman in such circumstances manages to write anyway, â€Å"she will write in a rage where she should write calmly. She will write foolishly where she should write wisely. She will write of herself where she should write of her characters† (69-70). Woolf posits here that an angry woman, writing out of the repression of her everyday life, will be an ineffective writer. Finally, Woolf blames the patriarchal culture, as if the freedom of women writing is â€Å"some infringement of [man’s] power to believe in himself† (35). She suggests that men resist women writers because fiction by women somehow diminishes their belief in their own works. Woolf’s message, it seems, is that women must rail against the resistance of the patriarchal culture and attain some degree of independence and androgyny. Woolf does not suggest that women write the same as men. In fact, Woolf asserts that â€Å"it would be a thousand pities if women wrote like men, or lived like men, or looked like men† (88). Woolf believes that a man’s sentence is not a woman’s sentence, that the two will be vastly different from each other, though not necessarily one better than the other. Her assertion is that men’s sentences are awkward in the hands of women because â€Å"the nerves that feed the brain would seem to differ in men and women† (78). This difference of gray matter and neurons would necessarily result in a difference of perspective and sentence structure. Woolf suggests that for fiction to be artfully done, there must exist a measure of androgyny, â€Å"a plan of the soul so that in each of us two powers preside, one male, one female† (98). In essence, Woolf claims that this state of androgyny would allow women the same freedom to express themselves that men seem to have been inherently endowed with. â€Å"The androgynous mind is resonant and porous,† Woolf continues, â€Å"it transmits emotion without impediment; it is naturally creative, incandescent and undivided† (98). What Woolf overtly states here is that the ideal creative mind is a marriage, or balance, of the supposed female traits of emotionalism with the supposed male traits of productivity and style. What is implicit, however, is that the female mind can be resonant and porous only when undivided. In other words, a woman can write well only when her mind, like a man’s, is not forced to choose between gender and identity, or between her art and society’s expectations of her. A woman will write with fluidity and resonance only when she has the same freedom of expression as a man. An additional notion Woolf presents is that women must maintain individuality in their experiences as writers. This intimacy with one’s identity nurtures the creation of fiction, but only when written out of one’s own personality and not imitated through another’s. â€Å"Why are Jane Austen’s sentences not the right shape for you? Woolf asks Mary Carmichael (80). The idea Woolf reinforces here is that a woman should find and develop her own writing style, not simply mimic her predecessors. Notice, though, that Woolf does not suggest we glean no stylistic inspiration from women writers like the Brontes and Jane Austen, who paved the way for generations of women writers. â€Å"Books continue each other,† Woolf says, â€Å"in spite of our habit of judging them separately† (80). Continuing something, however, does not mean using the same blueprints or tools during the creative process. What Woolf implies is that every book a woman, sitting in that room of her own, produces will generate books from other women. A degree of mimicry, of course, is impossible to avoid. â€Å"A woman writing,† Woolf admits, â€Å"thinks back through her mothers† (97). The â€Å"mothers† here are not only biological mothers who give birth to our physical bodies, but also those women who meticulously scratched their way out of patriarchal constraints and into print; the women who acted as surrogates to birth generations of women writers. Subtle mimicry would seem a natural act under such circumstances, much as a child unconsciously develops personality traits of either parent. Finally, a woman reading Woolf’s book has to wonder if that â€Å"room of one’s own† is strictly a spatial, physical concept. It is possible that Woolf writes of a psychological construct as a room of one’s own, a place one can emotionally go to and write from. Few of us have the luxury of a concrete room of our own, and if we are to be writers, emotional space of our own is the barest necessity. Women who want to write must find some quiet space in their psyches from which they can create. â€Å"So long as you write what you want to write, that is all that matters,† Woolf encourages, â€Å"and whether it matters for ages or only for hours, nobody can say† (106). What Woolf seems to say is that what we create within that space of ourselves, within a single moment, is what matters so long as we do it with an eye toward our own individual, androgynous hearts. How to cite Virginia Woolf’s a Room of One’s Own, Papers

Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essays - Romance Novels

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen In the novel Pride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen, several, if not all of her characters, can verify the idea that in order to achieve happiness one must abandon their pride and in turn, replace it with self-respect accompanied by some humility. In addition, tolerance and mutual respect must replace one's prejudice. In the inception of the novel, the Bingley sisters, Caroline and Mrs. Hurst, exhibit their prejudice towards Jane because of their differences in social status. It is their pride that forces them to believe they are better than others solely because of the amount of money they have. It is their prejudice that causes them to earnestly avoid people of different social status and do everything their powers allow to ?protecting' family members such as Mr. Bingley from people of the lower class. Instead of realizing the love Mr. Bingley and Jane had towards each other, they allow their pride to blind them of the truth and foolishly assume that only a lady of equal status as theirs is ?worthy' of their brother's love. To destroy any hopes Jane might entertain of marrying Mr. Bingley, the sisters connivingly convince her that that her love for Bingley is unrequited. They continue by saying that the marriage of Bingley to Miss Darcy, who will be ?hereafter our [their] sister? will ?secure th e happiness of so many? people. But towards the end of the novel, even after all their efforts and hopes of separating the two, Jane and Bingley manage to get married. Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst are forced to swallow their pride and make amends with Jane because they know that if they didn't, Mr. Bingley would never like them. The Bingley sisters displayed their tolerance and mutual respect towards Jane after the lower social class prejudice was removed. Caroline Bingley's attempts to seek the affection of Mr. Darcy are another example of her lack of self-respect. Her excessive pride is evident in her confidence that Darcy ?belongs? to her because of their similarities in social status. Her prejudice towards Elizabeth is evident in Caroline's constant insults of her. She comments to Elizabeth that ?Darcy is a gentleman? and is out of her league. Caroline foolishly believes that she can win Darcy's affection by fawning over him. She fails to get Darcy's affection because she does not have a genuine affection for him. She seeks only to ?win' him using her money and status in society. Because of her pride and prejudice Caroline falsely believes that she can sour Darcy's feelings for Elizabeth by commenting on her low social status. Because of her prejudice towards those of "lower status" she believes that such superficial reasons will redirect Darcy's attention. She does not realize that his affection for Elizabeth is much deeper. The e nd result is that social status, money, or any other force can not overcome that of love. Caroline gives up her pride to attain a slight, but not negligible, sense of self-respect. Before she viewed herself as a fat lump of money and nothing else. But after relinquishing her pride, she realizes that people should be judged based on character and not on how much money they have. This also relates to Caroline's replacement of prejudice with tolerance towards Elizabeth.